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We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s13742-015-0047-8.

Title:
Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets | GigaScience
Description:
Background PLINK 1 is a widely used open-source C/C++ toolset for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and research in population genetics. However, the steady accumulation of data from imputation and whole-genome sequencing studies has exposed a strong need for faster and scalable implementations of key functions, such as logistic regression, linkage disequilibrium estimation, and genomic distance evaluation. In addition, GWAS and population-genetic data now frequently contain genotype likelihoods, phase information, and/or multiallelic variants, none of which can be represented by PLINK 1โ€™s primary data format. Findings To address these issues, we are developing a second-generation codebase for PLINK. The first major release from this codebase, PLINK 1.9, introduces extensive use of bit-level parallelism, O n $O\left (\sqrt {n}\right)$ -time/constant-space Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Fisherโ€™s exact tests, and many other algorithmic improvements. In combination, these changes accelerate most operations by 1-4 orders of magnitude, and allow the program to handle datasets too large to fit in RAM. We have also developed an extension to the data format which adds low-overhead support for genotype likelihoods, phase, multiallelic variants, and reference vs. alternate alleles, which is the basis of our planned second release (PLINK 2.0). Conclusions The second-generation versions of PLINK will offer dramatic improvements in performance and compatibility. For the first time, users without access to high-end computing resources can perform several essential analyses of the feature-rich and very large genetic datasets coming into use.
Website Age:
28 years and 1 months (reg. 1997-05-29).

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  • Education
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What CMS is link.springer.com built with?

Custom-built

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Traffic Estimate {๐Ÿ“ˆ}

What is the average monthly size of link.springer.com audience?

๐ŸŒ  Phenomenal Traffic: 5M - 10M visitors per month


Based on our best estimate, this website will receive around 5,000,019 visitors per month in the current month.
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How Does Link.springer.com Make Money? {๐Ÿ’ธ}

We're unsure if the website is profiting.

Not every website is profit-driven; some are created to spread information or serve as an online presence. Websites can be made for many reasons. This could be one of them. Link.springer.com could be secretly minting cash, but we can't detect the process.

Keywords {๐Ÿ”}

plink, data, article, pubmed, bit, google, scholar, table, test, variants, population, likelihoods, exact, algorithm, analysis, format, file, software, tables, association, matrix, central, cas, linkage, size, variant, information, genomic, genotype, number, reference, allele, ibs, alleles, genetic, datasets, full, hardyweinberg, fishers, set, genomewide, studies, tests, pairs, permutation, genet, disequilibrium, major, equilibrium, operations,

Topics {โœ’๏ธ}

write-var-ranges simplifies splitting time/constant-space hardy-weinberg equilibrium 5}{6}\begin{aligned} \frac{[\text{sum early-termination snp-hwe algorithm gene-trait mapping genome-wide case-control studies = 2pq\qquad\\ &\text{freq} multiple-testing adjusted p-values modern l2/l3 caches early-termination snp-hwe /writings/diary/archive/2011/11/02/faster_popcount_update major/minor-allele based design genome-wide association studies genome-wide interaction analysis reduce disk-caching variance genome-wide epistasis detection enables detailed study fast-epistasis variance correction distance/relationship partial sums gplv3-licensed open source population-based linkage analyses high-accuracy haplotype phasing floating point adds/multiplies high-end computing resources detecting gene-gene interactions likelihoods decay super-geometrically likelihood-based qtdt enjoyed laurent cam tellier ieee-754 double-precision numbers longest base-pair spans article download pdf population-genetic studies }\cdot \frac{\frac{n_{1} }\cdot \frac{\frac{n_{2} ^{2} \qquad \text{freq} improved sse2-based implementation genetic studies tend genome sequencing studies extreme tables}]} {[\text{sum detect genotyping error prints mini-manual entries full size image genomic relationship matrix hardy-weinberg equilibrium population genetic assumptions distance ibs square open access license heavy-duty operations default privacy choices/manage cookies sequence alignment/map format

Questions {โ“}

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Schema {๐Ÿ—บ๏ธ}

WebPage:
      mainEntity:
         headline:Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets
         description:PLINK 1 is a widely used open-source C/C++ toolset for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and research in population genetics. However, the steady accumulation of data from imputation and whole-genome sequencing studies has exposed a strong need for faster and scalable implementations of key functions, such as logistic regression, linkage disequilibrium estimation, and genomic distance evaluation. In addition, GWAS and population-genetic data now frequently contain genotype likelihoods, phase information, and/or multiallelic variants, none of which can be represented by PLINK 1โ€™s primary data format. To address these issues, we are developing a second-generation codebase for PLINK. The first major release from this codebase, PLINK 1.9, introduces extensive use of bit-level parallelism, $O\left (\sqrt {n}\right)$ -time/constant-space Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Fisherโ€™s exact tests, and many other algorithmic improvements. In combination, these changes accelerate most operations by 1-4 orders of magnitude, and allow the program to handle datasets too large to fit in RAM. We have also developed an extension to the data format which adds low-overhead support for genotype likelihoods, phase, multiallelic variants, and reference vs. alternate alleles, which is the basis of our planned second release (PLINK 2.0). The second-generation versions of PLINK will offer dramatic improvements in performance and compatibility. For the first time, users without access to high-end computing resources can perform several essential analyses of the feature-rich and very large genetic datasets coming into use.
         datePublished:2015-02-25T00:00:00Z
         dateModified:2015-02-25T00:00:00Z
         pageStart:1
         pageEnd:16
         license:http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
         sameAs:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13742-015-0047-8
         keywords:
            GWAS
            Population genetics
            Whole-genome sequencing
            High-density SNP genotyping
            Computational statistics
            Bioinformatics
            Computational Biology/Bioinformatics
            Computer Appl. in Life Sciences
            Proteomics
            Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery
            Human Genetics
         image:
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            name:BioMed Central
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                     name:Complete Genomics
                     address:
                        name:Complete Genomics, Mountain View, USA
                        type:PostalAddress
                     type:Organization
                     name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab
                     address:
                        name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab, Shenzhen, China
                        type:PostalAddress
                     type:Organization
               email:[email protected]
               type:Person
               name:Carson C Chow
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                     name:NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health
                     address:
                        name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
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                        name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab, Shenzhen, China
                        type:PostalAddress
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                     name:University of Copenhagen
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                        name:Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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               name:Shashaank Vattikuti
               affiliation:
                     name:NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health
                     address:
                        name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
                        type:PostalAddress
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               name:Shaun M Purcell
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                        name:Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
                        type:PostalAddress
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                     name:Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
                     address:
                        name:Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
                        type:PostalAddress
                     type:Organization
                     name:Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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                        name:Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
                        type:PostalAddress
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                     name:Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
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                        name:Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
                        type:PostalAddress
                     type:Organization
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               name:James J Lee
               affiliation:
                     name:NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health
                     address:
                        name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
                        type:PostalAddress
                     type:Organization
                     name:University of Minnesota Twin Cities
                     address:
                        name:Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA
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ScholarlyArticle:
      headline:Second-generation PLINK: rising to the challenge of larger and richer datasets
      description:PLINK 1 is a widely used open-source C/C++ toolset for genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and research in population genetics. However, the steady accumulation of data from imputation and whole-genome sequencing studies has exposed a strong need for faster and scalable implementations of key functions, such as logistic regression, linkage disequilibrium estimation, and genomic distance evaluation. In addition, GWAS and population-genetic data now frequently contain genotype likelihoods, phase information, and/or multiallelic variants, none of which can be represented by PLINK 1โ€™s primary data format. To address these issues, we are developing a second-generation codebase for PLINK. The first major release from this codebase, PLINK 1.9, introduces extensive use of bit-level parallelism, $O\left (\sqrt {n}\right)$ -time/constant-space Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and Fisherโ€™s exact tests, and many other algorithmic improvements. In combination, these changes accelerate most operations by 1-4 orders of magnitude, and allow the program to handle datasets too large to fit in RAM. We have also developed an extension to the data format which adds low-overhead support for genotype likelihoods, phase, multiallelic variants, and reference vs. alternate alleles, which is the basis of our planned second release (PLINK 2.0). The second-generation versions of PLINK will offer dramatic improvements in performance and compatibility. For the first time, users without access to high-end computing resources can perform several essential analyses of the feature-rich and very large genetic datasets coming into use.
      datePublished:2015-02-25T00:00:00Z
      dateModified:2015-02-25T00:00:00Z
      pageStart:1
      pageEnd:16
      license:http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/
      sameAs:https://doi.org/10.1186/s13742-015-0047-8
      keywords:
         GWAS
         Population genetics
         Whole-genome sequencing
         High-density SNP genotyping
         Computational statistics
         Bioinformatics
         Computational Biology/Bioinformatics
         Computer Appl. in Life Sciences
         Proteomics
         Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery
         Human Genetics
      image:
         https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2Fs13742-015-0047-8/MediaObjects/13742_2015_47_Figa_HTML.gif
      isPartOf:
         name:GigaScience
         issn:
            2047-217X
         volumeNumber:4
         type:
            Periodical
            PublicationVolume
      publisher:
         name:BioMed Central
         logo:
            url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
            type:ImageObject
         type:Organization
      author:
            name:Christopher C Chang
            affiliation:
                  name:Complete Genomics
                  address:
                     name:Complete Genomics, Mountain View, USA
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
                  name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab
                  address:
                     name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab, Shenzhen, China
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
            email:[email protected]
            type:Person
            name:Carson C Chow
            affiliation:
                  name:NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health
                  address:
                     name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
            type:Person
            name:Laurent CAM Tellier
            affiliation:
                  name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab
                  address:
                     name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab, Shenzhen, China
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
                  name:University of Copenhagen
                  address:
                     name:Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
            type:Person
            name:Shashaank Vattikuti
            affiliation:
                  name:NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health
                  address:
                     name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
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            name:Shaun M Purcell
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                  name:Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
                  address:
                     name:Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
                  name:Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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                     name:Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
                  name:Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
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                     name:Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
                  name:Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
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                     name:Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
            type:Person
            name:James J Lee
            affiliation:
                  name:NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health
                  address:
                     name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
                  name:University of Minnesota Twin Cities
                  address:
                     name:Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA
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      name:BioMed Central
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         name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab, Shenzhen, China
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         name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
         type:PostalAddress
      name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab
      address:
         name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab, Shenzhen, China
         type:PostalAddress
      name:University of Copenhagen
      address:
         name:Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
         type:PostalAddress
      name:NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health
      address:
         name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
         type:PostalAddress
      name:Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
      address:
         name:Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
         type:PostalAddress
      name:Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
      address:
         name:Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
         type:PostalAddress
      name:Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
      address:
         name:Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
         type:PostalAddress
      name:Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
      address:
         name:Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
         type:PostalAddress
      name:NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health
      address:
         name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
         type:PostalAddress
      name:University of Minnesota Twin Cities
      address:
         name:Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA
         type:PostalAddress
ImageObject:
      url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
Person:
      name:Christopher C Chang
      affiliation:
            name:Complete Genomics
            address:
               name:Complete Genomics, Mountain View, USA
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
            name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab
            address:
               name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab, Shenzhen, China
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      email:[email protected]
      name:Carson C Chow
      affiliation:
            name:NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health
            address:
               name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      name:Laurent CAM Tellier
      affiliation:
            name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab
            address:
               name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab, Shenzhen, China
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
            name:University of Copenhagen
            address:
               name:Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      name:Shashaank Vattikuti
      affiliation:
            name:NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health
            address:
               name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      name:Shaun M Purcell
      affiliation:
            name:Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard
            address:
               name:Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
            name:Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
            address:
               name:Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
            name:Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
            address:
               name:Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
            name:Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital
            address:
               name:Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      name:James J Lee
      affiliation:
            name:NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health
            address:
               name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
            name:University of Minnesota Twin Cities
            address:
               name:Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
PostalAddress:
      name:Complete Genomics, Mountain View, USA
      name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab, Shenzhen, China
      name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
      name:BGI Cognitive Genomics Lab, Shenzhen, China
      name:Bioinformatics Centre, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
      name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
      name:Stanley Center for Psychiatric Research, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, USA
      name:Division of Psychiatric Genomics, Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
      name:Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, USA
      name:Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA
      name:Mathematical Biology Section, NIDDK/LBM, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
      name:Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota Twin Cities, Minneapolis, USA

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