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nature portfolio permissions reprints author information authors scientific discussion analysed data wnt–β-catenin signaling development medical research nature genet cre/loxp-mediated inactivation nature rev permissions information pten-deficient hscs engraft c-myc controls spleen-derived donor cells acute myeloid/lymphoid leukaemia nature 425 nature 439 nature 404 nature 428 nature nature 441 pten-mutant bone marrow research springerlink instant access author contributions author correspondence short-term expansion cancer stem cells long-term decline hematopoietic stem cell normal stem cells stem cell niche stem cell commitment cancer stem cell inducible gene targeting stem cell engraftment wiedemann & linheng li stem cells find supporting tgfβ signaling competing financial interests bone marrow niche progenitor cell fates osteoblastic cells regulate pten mutant mice kinase signalling pathway broadly modulates quiescence nonlymphoid hematopoietic neoplasms sustain haematopoietic reconstitution provided technical support

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         description:Stem cells that initiate and maintain cancers are so like normal stem cells that it's hard to design drugs to target them specifically. This is a serious problem as, for example, damaging blood stem cells in leukaemia therapy can cause haematopoietic failure and death. Now a study of the tumour suppressor PTEN, often inactivated in leukaemia and other cancers, pinpoints a major difference between self-renewal in normal and cancer stem cells. PTEN normally inhibits the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase signalling pathway, limiting cell proliferation and survival. In the absence of PTEN, leukaemic stem cells proliferate, but normal stem cells are depleted. This suggests that PTEN-mimicking drugs may act against leukaemia yet preserve blood stem cells. Indeed, in Pten-deficient mice rapamycin kills leukaemic stem cells but rescues normal stem cell function. A separate study confirms PTEN's role in blood stem cell regulation. Haematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) must achieve a balance between quiescence and activation that fulfils immediate demands for haematopoiesis without compromising long-term stem cell maintenance, yet little is known about the molecular events governing this balance1,2,3. Phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) functions as a negative regulator of the phosphatidylinositol-3-OH kinase (PI(3)K)–Akt pathway, which has crucial roles in cell proliferation, survival, differentiation and migration4,5. Here we show that inactivation of PTEN in bone marrow HSCs causes their short-term expansion, but long-term decline, primarily owing to an enhanced level of HSC activation. PTEN-deficient HSCs engraft normally in recipient mice, but have an impaired ability to sustain haematopoietic reconstitution, reflecting the dysregulation of their cell cycle and decreased retention in the bone marrow niche. Mice with PTEN-mutant bone marrow also have an increased representation of myeloid and T-lymphoid lineages and develop myeloproliferative disorder (MPD)6. Notably, the cell populations that expand in PTEN mutants match those that become dominant in the acute myeloid/lymphoid leukaemia that develops in the later stages of MPD. Thus, PTEN has essential roles in restricting the activation of HSCs, in lineage fate determination, and in the prevention of leukaemogenesis.
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• https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.cellbio.21.012704.131525
• http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16212509
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