
NATURE . COM {
}
Title:
Autophagy promotes the survival of dormant breast cancer cells and metastatic tumour recurrence | Nature Communications
Description:
Cancer recurrence after initial diagnosis and treatment is a major cause of breast cancer (BC) mortality, which results from the metastatic outbreak of dormant tumour cells. Alterations in the tumour microenvironment can trigger signalling pathways in dormant cells leading to their proliferation. However, processes involved in the initial and the long-term survival of disseminated dormant BC cells remain largely unknown. Here we show that autophagy is a critical mechanism for the survival of disseminated dormant BC cells. Pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of autophagy in dormant BC cells results in significantly decreased cell survival and metastatic burden in mouse and human 3D in vitro and in vivo preclinical models of dormancy. In vivo experiments identify autophagy gene autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) to be essential for autophagy activation. Mechanistically, inhibition of the autophagic flux in dormant BC cells leads to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in cell apoptosis. Highly metastatic dormant cancer cells contribute to breast cancer recurrence, but the underlying mechanism is less understood. Here, the authors show that dormant breast cancer cells depend on autophagy to ensure their long term survival and distant recurrence
Website Age:
30 years and 10 months (reg. 1994-08-11).
Matching Content Categories {๐}
- Science
- Education
- Health & Fitness
Content Management System {๐}
What CMS is nature.com built with?
Custom-built
No common CMS systems were detected on Nature.com, and no known web development framework was identified.
Traffic Estimate {๐}
What is the average monthly size of nature.com audience?
๐ Monumental Traffic: 20M - 50M visitors per month
Based on our best estimate, this website will receive around 44,056,463 visitors per month in the current month.
check SE Ranking
check Ahrefs
check Similarweb
check Ubersuggest
check Semrush
How Does Nature.com Make Money? {๐ธ}
Display Ads {๐ฏ}
The website utilizes display ads within its content to generate revenue. Check the next section for further revenue estimates.
Ads are managed by yourbow.com. Particular relationships are as follows:
Direct Advertisers (10)
google.com, pmc.com, doceree.com, yourbow.com, audienciad.com, onlinemediasolutions.com, advibe.media, aps.amazon.com, getmediamx.com, onomagic.comReseller Advertisers (38)
conversantmedia.com, rubiconproject.com, pubmatic.com, appnexus.com, openx.com, smartadserver.com, lijit.com, sharethrough.com, video.unrulymedia.com, google.com, yahoo.com, triplelift.com, onetag.com, sonobi.com, contextweb.com, 33across.com, indexexchange.com, media.net, themediagrid.com, adform.com, richaudience.com, sovrn.com, improvedigital.com, freewheel.tv, smaato.com, yieldmo.com, amxrtb.com, adyoulike.com, adpone.com, criteo.com, smilewanted.com, 152media.info, e-planning.net, smartyads.com, loopme.com, opera.com, mediafuse.com, betweendigital.comHow Much Does Nature.com Make? {๐ฐ}
Display Ads {๐ฏ}
$560,000 per month
Our analysis indicates Nature.com generates between $370,116 and $1,017,820 monthly online from display ads.
Keywords {๐}
cells, autophagy, bme, dormant, hcq, metastatic, day, fig, cell, pubmed, article, cancer, days, inhibition, google, scholar, culture, treatment, cas, data, tumour, treated, mice, comparisons, mitochondrial, col, sem, burden, compared, proliferative, supplementary, matrices, nature, survival, lung, assay, central, analysis, dormancy, vivo, fibrosis, results, twosided, autophagic, proliferation, significantly, vitro, observed, expression, wells,
Topics {โ๏ธ}
/product-category/physiologic-cell-culture/extracellular-matrix-proteins/ nature portfolio privacy policy andalusian regional ministry intramural research program thermo scientific anti-cyclophillin proliferative index determined advertising nature 529 nature tandem reporter mcherry-gfp-lc3 reprints col-i-enriched fibrotic environment thermo fisher scientific research cd1nu/nu athymic mice isolate mcherry-gfp-lc3 d2 article vera-ramirez cdnu/nu athymic mice mannโwhitney u-test tandem fluorescent-tagged lc3 library preparation cd1nu/nu mice injected adenovector-mediated gene transfer mcherry-gfp-lc3 cells showed mcherry-gfp-lc3 cells isolated 50โmg/kg body weight mcherry-gfp-lc3 cells grown social media complete media genitourinary medical oncology park2/parkin-dependent mitophagy mda-mb-231 cell lines initial orga-specific metastasis cytotox-glo cytoxocity assay frequent post-translational modifications develop oxidative-based therapies double-positive puncta permissions total tumour burden/lung mda-mb-231 viable cells full size image original author mcherry-gfp-lc3 cells lipidated form lc3-ii average tumour burden/lung adenovirus-null vector control ros-induced cell death murine mammary neoplasia injectedย d2a1-gfp cells
Schema {๐บ๏ธ}
WebPage:
mainEntity:
headline:Autophagy promotes the survival of dormant breast cancer cells and metastatic tumour recurrence
description:Cancer recurrence after initial diagnosis and treatment is a major cause of breast cancer (BC) mortality, which results from the metastatic outbreak of dormant tumour cells. Alterations in the tumour microenvironment can trigger signalling pathways in dormant cells leading to their proliferation. However, processes involved in the initial and the long-term survival of disseminated dormant BC cells remain largely unknown. Here we show that autophagy is a critical mechanism for the survival of disseminated dormant BC cells. Pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of autophagy in dormant BC cells results in significantly decreased cell survival and metastatic burden in mouse and human 3D in vitro and in vivo preclinical models of dormancy. In vivo experiments identify autophagy gene autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) to be essential for autophagy activation. Mechanistically, inhibition of the autophagic flux in dormant BC cells leads to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in cell apoptosis. Highly metastatic dormant cancer cells contribute to breast cancer recurrence, but the underlying mechanism is less understood. Here, the authors show that dormant breast cancer cells depend on autophagy to ensure their long term survival and distant recurrence
datePublished:2018-05-22T00:00:00Z
dateModified:2018-05-22T00:00:00Z
pageStart:1
pageEnd:12
license:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
sameAs:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04070-6
keywords:
Breast cancer
Mitophagy
Science
Humanities and Social Sciences
multidisciplinary
image:
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig1_HTML.jpg
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig2_HTML.jpg
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig3_HTML.jpg
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig4_HTML.jpg
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig5_HTML.jpg
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig6_HTML.jpg
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig7_HTML.jpg
isPartOf:
name:Nature Communications
issn:
2041-1723
volumeNumber:9
type:
Periodical
PublicationVolume
publisher:
name:Nature Publishing Group UK
logo:
url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
type:ImageObject
type:Organization
author:
name:Laura Vera-Ramirez
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Suman K. Vodnala
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Ryan Nini
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1201-0954
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
address:
name:Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Kent W. Hunter
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
email:[email protected]
type:Person
name:Jeffrey E. Green
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
email:[email protected]
type:Person
isAccessibleForFree:1
type:ScholarlyArticle
context:https://schema.org
ScholarlyArticle:
headline:Autophagy promotes the survival of dormant breast cancer cells and metastatic tumour recurrence
description:Cancer recurrence after initial diagnosis and treatment is a major cause of breast cancer (BC) mortality, which results from the metastatic outbreak of dormant tumour cells. Alterations in the tumour microenvironment can trigger signalling pathways in dormant cells leading to their proliferation. However, processes involved in the initial and the long-term survival of disseminated dormant BC cells remain largely unknown. Here we show that autophagy is a critical mechanism for the survival of disseminated dormant BC cells. Pharmacologic or genetic inhibition of autophagy in dormant BC cells results in significantly decreased cell survival and metastatic burden in mouse and human 3D in vitro and in vivo preclinical models of dormancy. In vivo experiments identify autophagy gene autophagy-related 7 (ATG7) to be essential for autophagy activation. Mechanistically, inhibition of the autophagic flux in dormant BC cells leads to the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and reactive oxygen species (ROS), resulting in cell apoptosis. Highly metastatic dormant cancer cells contribute to breast cancer recurrence, but the underlying mechanism is less understood. Here, the authors show that dormant breast cancer cells depend on autophagy to ensure their long term survival and distant recurrence
datePublished:2018-05-22T00:00:00Z
dateModified:2018-05-22T00:00:00Z
pageStart:1
pageEnd:12
license:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
sameAs:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04070-6
keywords:
Breast cancer
Mitophagy
Science
Humanities and Social Sciences
multidisciplinary
image:
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig1_HTML.jpg
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig2_HTML.jpg
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig3_HTML.jpg
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig4_HTML.jpg
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig5_HTML.jpg
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig6_HTML.jpg
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_Fig7_HTML.jpg
isPartOf:
name:Nature Communications
issn:
2041-1723
volumeNumber:9
type:
Periodical
PublicationVolume
publisher:
name:Nature Publishing Group UK
logo:
url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
type:ImageObject
type:Organization
author:
name:Laura Vera-Ramirez
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Suman K. Vodnala
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Ryan Nini
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1201-0954
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
address:
name:Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Kent W. Hunter
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
email:[email protected]
type:Person
name:Jeffrey E. Green
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
email:[email protected]
type:Person
isAccessibleForFree:1
["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]:
name:Nature Communications
issn:
2041-1723
volumeNumber:9
Organization:
name:Nature Publishing Group UK
logo:
url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
type:ImageObject
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
name:The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
address:
name:Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
type:PostalAddress
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
ImageObject:
url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
Person:
name:Laura Vera-Ramirez
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Suman K. Vodnala
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Ryan Nini
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1201-0954
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center
address:
name:Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Kent W. Hunter
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
email:[email protected]
name:Jeffrey E. Green
affiliation:
name:National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health
address:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
email:[email protected]
PostalAddress:
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
name:Department of Genitourinary Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
name:Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
Social Networks {๐}(2)
External Links {๐}(157)
- What's the financial outcome of https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1201-0954?
- What's the monthly income of https://trevigen.com/product-category/physiologic-cell-culture/extracellular-matrix-proteins/?
- Revenue of https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE112094
- Profit of https://doi.org/10.1097%2FSLA.0000000000001930
- What's the financial outcome of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27455160?
- What's the income of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Local%20recurrence%20and%20breast%20oncological%20surgery%20in%20young%20women%20with%20breast%20cancer%3A%20The%20POSH%20Observational%20Cohort%20Study&journal=Ann.%20Surg.&doi=10.1097%2FSLA.0000000000001930&volume=266&pages=165-172&publication_year=2017&author=Maishman%2CT?
- What's the revenue for https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2016.11.037?
- Discover the revenue of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=28187288
- How much profit does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5308465 make?
- What are the total earnings of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Emerging%20biological%20principles%20of%20metastasis&journal=Cell&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2016.11.037&volume=168&pages=670-691&publication_year=2017&author=Lambert%2CAW&author=Pattabiraman%2CDR&author=Weinberg%2CRA?
- Financial intake of https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrc3793
- What's the monthly income of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25118602?
- Financial intake of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4230700
- Revenue of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mechanisms%20of%20disseminated%20cancer%20cell%20dormancy%3A%20an%20awakening%20field&journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Cancer&doi=10.1038%2Fnrc3793&volume=14&pages=611-622&publication_year=2014&author=Sosa%2CMS&author=Bragado%2CP&author=Aguirre-Ghiso%2CJA
- Learn how profitable https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrc2256 is on a monthly basis
- What is the monthly revenue of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17957189?
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2519109 bring in each month?
- How much does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Models%2C%20mechanisms%20and%20clinical%20evidence%20for%20cancer%20dormancy&journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Cancer&doi=10.1038%2Fnrc2256&volume=7&pages=834-846&publication_year=2007&author=Aguirre-Ghiso%2CJA rake in every month?
- What are the total earnings of https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejca.2010.02.027?
- How much revenue does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20304630 bring in?
- What's the revenue for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2856784?
- How much does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Extracellular%20matrix%3A%20a%20gatekeeper%20in%20the%20transition%20from%20dormancy%20to%20metastatic%20growth&journal=Eur.%20J.%20Cancer&doi=10.1016%2Fj.ejca.2010.02.027&volume=46&pages=1181-1188&publication_year=2010&author=Barkan%2CD&author=Green%2CJE&author=Chambers%2CAF earn?
- https://doi.org/10.1083%2Fjcb.201102147's total income per month
- How much profit does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22351925 make?
- How much cash flow does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3283993 have monthly?
- How much profit is http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20extracellular%20matrix%3A%20a%20dynamic%20niche%20in%20cancer%20progression&journal=J.%20Cell%20Biol.&doi=10.1083%2Fjcb.201102147&volume=196&pages=395-406&publication_year=2012&author=Lu%2CP&author=Weaver%2CVM&author=Werb%2CZ making per month?
- How much revenue does https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/s10555-016-9650-0 produce monthly?
- How much revenue does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=From%20transformation%20to%20metastasis%3A%20deconstructing%20the%20extracellular%20matrix%20in%20breast%20cancer&journal=Cancer%20Metastas.%20Rev.&doi=10.1007%2Fs10555-016-9650-0&volume=35&pages=655-667&publication_year=2016&author=Kaushik%2CS&author=Pickup%2CMW&author=Weaver%2CVM produce monthly?
- https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-07-6849 income
- Income figures for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=18676848
- Profit of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2561279
- What's http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Inhibition%20of%20metastatic%20outgrowth%20from%20single%20dormant%20tumor%20cells%20by%20targeting%20the%20cytoskeleton&journal=Cancer%20Res.&doi=10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-07-6849&volume=68&pages=6241-6250&publication_year=2008&author=Barkan%2CD's gross income?
- How much revenue does https://doi.org/10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-09-2356 bring in?
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20570886's revenue stream
- How much revenue does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3436125 bring in?
- How much profit is http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Metastatic%20growth%20from%20dormant%20cells%20induced%20by%20a%20col-I-enriched%20fibrotic%20environment&journal=Cancer%20Res.&doi=10.1158%2F0008-5472.CAN-09-2356&volume=70&pages=5706-5716&publication_year=2010&author=Barkan%2CD making per month?
- How much does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=An%20in%20vitro%20system%20to%20study%20tumor%20dormancy%20and%20the%20switch%20to%20metastatic%20growth&journal=J.%20Vis.%20Exp.&volume=54&publication_year=2011&author=Barkan%2CD&author=Green%2CJE make?
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=2790822 bring in each month?
- How much revenue does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Growth%20regulation%20of%20mouse%20mammary%20tumor%20cells%20in%20collagen%20gel%20cultures%20by%20diffusible%20factors%20produced%20by%20normal%20mammary%20gland%20epithelium%20and%20stromal%20fibroblasts&journal=Cancer%20Res.&volume=49&pages=6091-6097&publication_year=1989&author=Miller%2CFR&author=McEachern%2CD&author=Miller%2CBE produce monthly?
- What are the earnings of https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fbjc.1992.138?
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=1586590 income
- How much profit does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1977372 generate?
- Revenue of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Sequential%20alteration%20of%20peanut%20agglutinin%20binding-glycoprotein%20expression%20during%20progression%20of%20murine%20mammary%20neoplasia&journal=Br.%20J.%20Cancer&doi=10.1038%2Fbjc.1992.138&volume=65&pages=641-648&publication_year=1992&author=Rak%2CJW&author=McEachern%2CD&author=Miller%2CFR
- How much cash flow does https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/BF01755879 have monthly?
- What's http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mammary%20carcinoma%20cell%20lines%20of%20high%20and%20low%20metastatic%20potential%20differ%20not%20in%20extravasation%20but%20in%20subsequent%20migration%20and%20growth&journal=Clin.%20Exp.%20Metastas.&doi=10.1007%2FBF01755879&volume=12&pages=357-367&publication_year=1994&author=Morris%2CVL's gross income?
- Discover the revenue of https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI70259
- Income figures for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24316974
- See how much http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Combined%20SFK%2FMEK%20inhibition%20prevents%20metastatic%20outgrowth%20of%20dormant%20tumor%20cells&journal=J.%20Clin.%20Invest.&doi=10.1172%2FJCI70259&volume=124&pages=156-168&publication_year=2014&author=El%20Touny%2CLH makes per month
- Monthly income for https://link.springer.com/doi/10.1007/978-1-4614-1445-2_5
- Learn how profitable http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23143976 is on a monthly basis
- What is the earnings of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3651695?
- How much does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Regulation%20of%20tumor%20cell%20dormancy%20by%20tissue%20microenvironments%20and%20autophagy&journal=Adv.%20Exp.%20Med.%20Biol.&doi=10.1007%2F978-1-4614-1445-2_5&volume=734&pages=73-89&publication_year=2013&author=Sosa%2CMS&author=Bragado%2CP&author=Debnath%2CJ&author=Aguirre-Ghiso%2CJA net monthly?
- Discover the revenue of https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fncb1537
- How much money does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17237771 make?
- How much does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20energy%20sensing%20LKB1-AMPK%20pathway%20regulatesp27%28kip1%29%20phosphorylation%20mediating%20the%20decision%20to%20enter%20autophagy%20or%20apoptosis&journal=Nat.%20Cell%20Biol.&doi=10.1038%2Fncb1537&volume=9&pages=218-224&publication_year=2007&author=Liang%2CJ earn?
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19033662 pull in?
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2582930 gross monthly?
- How much does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20tumor%20suppressor%20gene%20ARHI%20regulates%20autophagy%20and%20tumor%20dormancy%20in%20human%20ovarian%20cancer%20cells&journal=J.%20Clin.%20Invest.&volume=118&pages=3917-3929&publication_year=2008&author=Lu%2CZ gross monthly?
- How much profit is https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1000248107 making per month?
- What's the financial intake of http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2010PNAS..10714333G?
- How much profit does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20660757 generate?
- What's the monthly income of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2922542?
- How much does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Autophagy%20inhibition%20and%20antimalarials%20promote%20cell%20death%20in%20gastrointestinal%20stromal%20tumor%20%28GIST%29&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.1000248107&volume=107&pages=14333-14338&publication_year=2010&author=Gupta%2CA pull in?
- Profit of https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2011.10.026
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22078875 income
- How much profit is http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Autophagy%3A%20renovation%20of%20cells%20and%20tissues&journal=Cell&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2011.10.026&volume=147&pages=728-741&publication_year=2011&author=Mizushima%2CN&author=Komatsu%2CM making per month?
- What is the monthly revenue of https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fauto.4451?
- How much profit does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17534139 make?
- How much income is http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Dissection%20of%20the%20autophagosome%20maturation%20process%20by%20a%20novel%20reporter%20protein%2C%20tandem%20fluorescent-tagged%20LC3&journal=Autophagy&doi=10.4161%2Fauto.4451&volume=3&pages=452-460&publication_year=2007&author=Kimura%2CS&author=Noda%2CT&author=Yoshimori%2CT earning monthly?
- Learn about the earnings of https://doi.org/10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-10-2634
- What's the income generated by http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21325294 each month?
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3075808 net monthly?
- See how much http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Principles%20and%20current%20strategies%20for%20targeting%20autophagy%20for%20cancer%20treatment&journal=Clin.%20Cancer%20Res.&doi=10.1158%2F1078-0432.CCR-10-2634&volume=17&pages=654-666&publication_year=2011&author=Amaravadi%2CRK makes per month
- How much does https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2016.09.030 net monthly?
- What's the monthly income of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27768885?
- How profitable is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5114003?
- Discover the revenue of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=p62%20in%20cancer%3A%20signaling%20adaptor%20beyond%20autophagy&journal=Cell&doi=10.1016%2Fj.cell.2016.09.030&volume=167&pages=606-609&publication_year=2016&author=Moscat%2CJ&author=Karin%2CM&author=Diaz-Meco%2CMT
- Get to know what's the income of https://doi.org/10.4161%2Fauto.4600
- What's the financial gain of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17611390?
- How much revenue does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=How%20to%20interpret%20LC3%20immunoblotting&journal=Autophagy&doi=10.4161%2Fauto.4600&volume=3&pages=542-545&publication_year=2007&author=Mizushima%2CN&author=Yoshimori%2CT bring in?
- What's the financial outcome of https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fars.2011.4407?
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22077334's financial summary
- How much profit does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mitophagy%3A%20a%20complex%20mechanism%20of%20mitochondrial%20removal&journal=Antioxid.%20Redox%20Signal.&doi=10.1089%2Fars.2011.4407&volume=17&pages=794-802&publication_year=2012&author=Novak%2CI make?
- What's the financial gain of https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrm3028?
- How much profit does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21179058 make?
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780047 income
- Learn about the earnings of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mechanisms%20of%20mitophagy&journal=Nat.%20Rev.%20Mol.%20Cell.%20Biol.&doi=10.1038%2Fnrm3028&volume=12&pages=9-14&publication_year=2011&author=Youle%2CRJ&author=Narendra%2CDP
- How much profit does https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15548627.2015.1063763 make?
- How much cash flow does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26101826 have monthly?
- What's the financial intake of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4590680?
- How much revenue does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Intramembrane%20protease%20PARL%20defines%20a%20negative%20regulator%20of%20PINK1-%20and%20PARK2%2FParkin-dependent%20mitophagy&journal=Autophagy&doi=10.1080%2F15548627.2015.1063763&volume=11&pages=1484-1498&publication_year=2015&author=Meissner%2CC&author=Lorenz%2CH&author=Hehn%2CB&author=Lemberg%2CMK generate?
- How profitable is https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fcddis.2009.16?
- What's the financial outcome of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21364619?
- How profitable is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032505?
- http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Caspase-mediated%20cleavage%20of%20Beclin-1%20inactivates%20Beclin-1-induced%20autophagy%20and%20enhances%20apoptosis%20by%20promoting%20the%20release%20of%20proapoptotic%20factors%20from%20mitochondria&journal=Cell%20Death%20Dis.&doi=10.1038%2Fcddis.2009.16&volume=1&publication_year=2010&author=Wirawan%2CE income
- What's the revenue for https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fbs.acr.2016.01.005?
- Explore the financials of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27037750
- Learn about the earnings of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20evolving%2C%20multifaceted%20roles%20of%20autophagy%20in%20cancer&journal=Adv.%20Cancer%20Res.&doi=10.1016%2Fbs.acr.2016.01.005&volume=130&pages=1-53&publication_year=2016&author=Liu%2CJ&author=Debnath%2CJ
- Check the income stats for https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fonc.2016.333
- Income figures for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27593926
- Check the income stats for http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Autophagy%20in%20cancer%20metastasis&journal=Oncogene&doi=10.1038%2Fonc.2016.333&volume=36&pages=1619-1630&publication_year=2017&author=Mowers%2CEE&author=Sharifi%2CMN&author=Macleod%2CKF
- Check the income stats for https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI73941
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25654549 pull in?
- What's the income generated by http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4382247 each month?
- http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20role%20for%20autophagy%20in%20cancer&journal=J.%20Clin.%20Invest.&doi=10.1172%2FJCI73941&volume=125&pages=42-46&publication_year=2015&author=White%2CE income
- Discover the revenue of https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature17038
- How much does http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-data_query?link_type=ABSTRACT&bibcode=2016Natur.529..298M make?
- What's the financial intake of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26791720?
- How much income is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5029466 earning monthly?
- How much does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Metastatic%20colonization%20by%20circulating%20tumour%20cells&journal=Nature&doi=10.1038%2Fnature17038&volume=529&pages=298-306&publication_year=2016&author=Massague%2CJ&author=Obenauf%2CAC bring in each month?
- Profit of https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.humpath.2007.09.012
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=18329692 generate monthly?
- How much does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Histopathologic%20factors%20significantly%20associated%20with%20initial%20orga-specific%20metastasis%20by%20invasive%20ductal%20carcinoma%20of%20the%20breast%3A%20a%20prospective%20study&journal=Hum.%20Pathol.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.humpath.2007.09.012&volume=39&pages=681-693&publication_year=2008&author=Hasebe%2CT generate monthly?
- Explore the financials of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22944659
- How much income is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3630798 earning monthly?
- How much profit does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mitophagy%3A%20mechanisms%2C%20pathophysiological%20roles%2C%20and%20analysis&journal=Biol.%20Chem.&volume=393&pages=547-564&publication_year=2012&author=Ding%2CWX&author=Yin%2CXM generate?
- How much money does https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fjcp.25349 make?
- Learn about the earnings of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26895995
- How much revenue does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Mitochondria%20and%20mitochondrial%20ROS%20in%20cancer%3A%20novel%20targets%20for%20anticancer%20therapy&journal=J.%20Cell%20Physiol.&doi=10.1002%2Fjcp.25349&volume=231&pages=2570-2581&publication_year=2016&author=Yang%2CY generate?
- How much money does https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.critrevonc.2011.01.004 generate?
- How much profit does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21288735 make?
- What's the monthly income of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Free%20radicals%20in%20breast%20carcinogenesis%2C%20breast%20cancer%20progression%20and%20cancer%20stem%20cells.%20Biological%20bases%20to%20develop%20oxidative-based%20therapies&journal=Crit.%20Rev.%20Oncol.%20Hematol.&doi=10.1016%2Fj.critrevonc.2011.01.004&volume=80&pages=347-368&publication_year=2011&author=Vera-Ramirez%2CL?
- What's http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=11929839's gross income?
- Monthly income for http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Persistence%20of%20solitary%20mammary%20carcinoma%20cells%20in%20a%20secondary%20site%3A%20a%20possible%20contributor%20to%20dormancy&journal=Cancer%20Res.&volume=62&pages=2162-2168&publication_year=2002&author=Naumov%2CGN
- How much income does https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0091-679X%2807%2983023-8 have?
- Learn how profitable http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=17613324 is on a monthly basis
- What's the monthly income of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2658721?
- Get to know what's the income of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Demystifying%20the%20effects%20of%20a%20three-dimensional%20microenvironment%20in%20tissue%20morphogenesis&journal=Methods%20Cell%20Biol.&doi=10.1016%2FS0091-679X%2807%2983023-8&volume=83&pages=547-583&publication_year=2007&author=Johnson%2CKR&author=Leight%2CJL&author=Weaver%2CVM
- Discover the revenue of https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI119590
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=9259574 rake in every month?
- Earnings of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC508247
- What's the monthly money flow for http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Adenovector-mediated%20gene%20transfer%20of%20active%20transforming%20growth%20factor-beta1%20induces%20prolonged%20severe%20fibrosis%20in%20rat%20lung&journal=J.%20Clin.%20Invest.&doi=10.1172%2FJCI119590&volume=100&pages=768-776&publication_year=1997&author=Sime%2CPJ&author=Xing%2CZ&author=Graham%2CFL&author=Csaky%2CKG&author=Gauldie%2CJ?
- Get to know https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41467-018-04070-6?format=refman&flavour=references's earnings
- Financial intake of https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Laura%20Vera-Ramirez
- How much profit is https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Laura%20Vera-Ramirez%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en making per month?
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Suman%20K.%20Vodnala income
- How much profit is https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Suman%20K.%20Vodnala%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en making per month?
- Get to know https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Ryan%20Nini's earnings
- https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Ryan%20Nini%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en income
- Learn about the earnings of https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Kent%20W.%20Hunter
- Revenue of https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Kent%20W.%20Hunter%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en
- How much money does https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Jeffrey%20E.%20Green generate?
- Learn how profitable https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Jeffrey%20E.%20Green%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en is on a monthly basis
- Get to know what's the income of https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6/MediaObjects/41467_2018_4070_MOESM1_ESM.pdf
- How much money does http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ generate?
- Learn how profitable https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Autophagy%20promotes%20the%20survival%20of%20dormant%20breast%20cancer%20cells%20and%20metastatic%20tumour%20recurrence&author=Laura%20Vera-Ramirez%20et%20al&contentID=10.1038%2Fs41467-018-04070-6©right=The%20Author%28s%29&publication=2041-1723&publicationDate=2018-05-22&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true&oa=CC%20BY is on a monthly basis
- How much money does https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/s41467-018-04070-6 make?
- How much does https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41467-018-04070-6?format=refman&flavour=citation pull in?
- https://doi.org/10.1186/s40779-025-00595-2's financial summary
- How much does https://doi.org/10.1186/s13045-025-01684-4 gross monthly?
- Income figures for https://doi.org/10.1038/s41556-025-01689-8
- How much does https://doi.org/10.1038/s41392-025-02242-7 gross monthly?
- What is the monthly revenue of https://doi.org/10.1007/s12032-025-02607-6?
- How much revenue does https://www.protocols.io/ generate?
- Financial intake of https://www.natureindex.com/
- Learn about the earnings of http://www.naturechina.com
- https://www.natureasia.com/ja-jp's total income per month
Analytics and Tracking {๐}
- Google Tag Manager
Libraries {๐}
- Prism.js
- Zoom.js
Emails and Hosting {โ๏ธ}
Mail Servers:
- mxa-002c5801.gslb.pphosted.com
- mxb-002c5801.gslb.pphosted.com
Name Servers:
- pdns1.ultradns.net
- pdns2.ultradns.net
- pdns3.ultradns.org
- pdns4.ultradns.org
- pdns5.ultradns.info
- pdns6.ultradns.co.uk
CDN Services {๐ฆ}
- Crossref