We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s40168-017-0268-4.

Title:
A critical assessment of the “sterile womb” and “in utero colonization” hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome | Microbiome
Description:
After more than a century of active research, the notion that the human fetal environment is sterile and that the neonate’s microbiome is acquired during and after birth was an accepted dogma. However, recent studies using molecular techniques suggest bacterial communities in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and meconium from healthy pregnancies. These findings have led many scientists to challenge the “sterile womb paradigm” and propose that microbiome acquisition instead begins in utero, an idea that would fundamentally change our understanding of gut microbiota acquisition and its role in human development. In this review, we provide a critical assessment of the evidence supporting these two opposing hypotheses, specifically as it relates to (i) anatomical, immunological, and physiological characteristics of the placenta and fetus; (ii) the research methods currently used to study microbial populations in the intrauterine environment; (iii) the fecal microbiome during the first days of life; and (iv) the generation of axenic animals and humans. Based on this analysis, we argue that the evidence in support of the “in utero colonization hypothesis” is extremely weak as it is founded almost entirely on studies that (i) used molecular approaches with an insufficient detection limit to study “low-biomass” microbial populations, (ii) lacked appropriate controls for contamination, and (iii) failed to provide evidence of bacterial viability. Most importantly, the ability to reliably derive axenic animals via cesarean sections strongly supports sterility of the fetal environment in mammals. We conclude that current scientific evidence does not support the existence of microbiomes within the healthy fetal milieu, which has implications for the development of clinical practices that prevent microbiome perturbations after birth and the establishment of future research priorities.
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Keywords {🔍}

pubmed, google, scholar, article, cas, microbiome, bacterial, placenta, bacteria, microbial, sterile, fetal, amniotic, central, human, fluid, studies, samples, gut, dna, germfree, environment, meconium, placental, utero, colonization, research, birth, microbes, microbiota, healthy, microbiol, evidence, infants, preterm, fetus, early, contamination, pregnancy, study, maternal, immune, infection, womb, positive, med, infant, colleagues, present, methods,

Topics {✒️}

gnotobiotic technic—küster/nuttall/schottelius/ thierfelder article perez-muñoz polymerase chain reaction high-throughput sequencing technologies germ-free animal facilities article download pdf full-term c-section placentas de jesus-laboy km ureaplasma/mycoplasma-infected amniotic fluid derive germ-free animals �incident-free” prenatal interrelationship generate germ-free animals broad-range pcr amplification ramer-tait department bacterial/permeability-increasing protein germ-free foster mothers germ-free newborn baby germ-free donor female marie-claire arrieta anti-microbial agents directly prevent immune-mediated damage full-term c-section early-onset neonatal sepsis successfully derived germ-free c-section infants reflect 16s rdna v1 dominguez-bello mg perez-perez gi van de wiele female reproductive tract intestinal microbial ecology digiulio db long-term temporal analysis innate immune defence women undergoing c-sections cell host microbe privacy choices/manage cookies low-diversity bacterial communities subsequent culture-based studies robbins jr mid-trimester amniotic fluid sequence-based analyses infectious agents originating preterm pre-labor rupture antigen-presenting cells pre-eclampsia supports jens walter materno-fetal anatomical barriers creative commons license germ-free status

Questions {❓}

Is a foetus developing in a sterile environment?
Is meconium from healthy newborns actually sterile?

Schema {🗺️}

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         description:After more than a century of active research, the notion that the human fetal environment is sterile and that the neonate’s microbiome is acquired during and after birth was an accepted dogma. However, recent studies using molecular techniques suggest bacterial communities in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and meconium from healthy pregnancies. These findings have led many scientists to challenge the “sterile womb paradigm” and propose that microbiome acquisition instead begins in utero, an idea that would fundamentally change our understanding of gut microbiota acquisition and its role in human development. In this review, we provide a critical assessment of the evidence supporting these two opposing hypotheses, specifically as it relates to (i) anatomical, immunological, and physiological characteristics of the placenta and fetus; (ii) the research methods currently used to study microbial populations in the intrauterine environment; (iii) the fecal microbiome during the first days of life; and (iv) the generation of axenic animals and humans. Based on this analysis, we argue that the evidence in support of the “in utero colonization hypothesis” is extremely weak as it is founded almost entirely on studies that (i) used molecular approaches with an insufficient detection limit to study “low-biomass” microbial populations, (ii) lacked appropriate controls for contamination, and (iii) failed to provide evidence of bacterial viability. Most importantly, the ability to reliably derive axenic animals via cesarean sections strongly supports sterility of the fetal environment in mammals. We conclude that current scientific evidence does not support the existence of microbiomes within the healthy fetal milieu, which has implications for the development of clinical practices that prevent microbiome perturbations after birth and the establishment of future research priorities.
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      headline:A critical assessment of the “sterile womb” and “in utero colonization” hypotheses: implications for research on the pioneer infant microbiome
      description:After more than a century of active research, the notion that the human fetal environment is sterile and that the neonate’s microbiome is acquired during and after birth was an accepted dogma. However, recent studies using molecular techniques suggest bacterial communities in the placenta, amniotic fluid, and meconium from healthy pregnancies. These findings have led many scientists to challenge the “sterile womb paradigm” and propose that microbiome acquisition instead begins in utero, an idea that would fundamentally change our understanding of gut microbiota acquisition and its role in human development. In this review, we provide a critical assessment of the evidence supporting these two opposing hypotheses, specifically as it relates to (i) anatomical, immunological, and physiological characteristics of the placenta and fetus; (ii) the research methods currently used to study microbial populations in the intrauterine environment; (iii) the fecal microbiome during the first days of life; and (iv) the generation of axenic animals and humans. Based on this analysis, we argue that the evidence in support of the “in utero colonization hypothesis” is extremely weak as it is founded almost entirely on studies that (i) used molecular approaches with an insufficient detection limit to study “low-biomass” microbial populations, (ii) lacked appropriate controls for contamination, and (iii) failed to provide evidence of bacterial viability. Most importantly, the ability to reliably derive axenic animals via cesarean sections strongly supports sterility of the fetal environment in mammals. We conclude that current scientific evidence does not support the existence of microbiomes within the healthy fetal milieu, which has implications for the development of clinical practices that prevent microbiome perturbations after birth and the establishment of future research priorities.
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