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We are analyzing https://www.nature.com/articles/s41580-020-0241-0.

Title:
Mechanisms governing autophagosome biogenesis | Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
Description:
Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles newly formed during autophagy to engulf a wide range of intracellular material and transport this autophagic cargo to lysosomes (or vacuoles in yeasts and plants) for subsequent degradation. Autophagosome biogenesis responds to a plethora of signals and involves unique and dynamic membrane processes. Autophagy is an important cellular mechanism allowing the cell to meet various demands, and its disruption compromises homeostasis and leads to various diseases, including metabolic disorders, neurodegeneration and cancer. Thus, not surprisingly, the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms governing autophagosome biogenesis has attracted considerable interest. Key molecules and organelles involved in autophagosome biogenesis, including autophagy-related (ATG) proteins and the endoplasmic reticulum, have been discovered, and their roles and relationships have been investigated intensely. However, several fundamental questions, such as what supplies membranes/lipids to build the autophagosome and how the membrane nucleates, expands, bends into a spherical shape and finally closes, have proven difficult to address. Nonetheless, owing to recent studies with new approaches and technologies, we have begun to unveil the mechanisms underlying these processes on a molecular level. We now know that autophagosome biogenesis is a highly complex process, in which multiple proteins and lipids from various membrane sources, supported by the formation of membrane contact sites, cooperate with biophysical phenomena, including membrane shaping and liquid–liquid phase separation, to ensure seamless segregation of the autophagic cargo. Together, these studies pave the way to obtaining a holistic view of autophagosome biogenesis. Autophagy involves engulfment of cellular components into double-membrane vesicles called autophagosomes. The biogenesis of autophagosomes requires the cooperation of multiple proteins and lipids from various membrane sources. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of the initiation, growth, bending and closure of autophagosomal membranes is expanding at a rapid pace.
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30 years and 10 months (reg. 1994-08-11).

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Keywords {🔍}

pubmed, google, scholar, cas, central, cell, autophagy, biol, atg, autophagosome, mol, membrane, complex, formation, protein, proteins, nat, kinase, nature, biogenesis, required, regulates, klionsky, sci, autophagic, membranes, fusion, ohsumi, chem, selective, embo, ulk, essential, vesicles, mammalian, cerevisiae, activity, structure, yeast, saccharomyces, article, nakatogawa, functions, mizushima, phosphatidylinositol, proc, natl, acad, usa, preautophagosomal,

Topics {✒️}

scientific research 17h01430 nature portfolio journals permissions reprints nature portfolio privacy policy atg17-atg31-atg29 complex coordinates advertising cryo-soft x-ray microscopy selective autophagy research p62-dependent phase separation liquid–liquid phase separation open 6 social media ulk1-atg13-fip200 complex required autophagy research er-mitochondria contact sites er-exit sites initiates amp-activated protein kinase peer review research regulates selenite-induced mitophagy serine/threonine kinase complex serine/threonine kinase ulk1 camp-dependent protein kinase patient-derived keap1 mutations dynamic atg13-free conformation snf1-mec1-atg1 module author information authors atg5-atg12/atg16 complex nutrient-dependent mtorc1 association dimeric coiled-coil structure post-golgi sec proteins beclin 1-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase complex ulk1/atg1 kinase complex nature+ nature 447 nature 395 nature 408 nature 495 nature 578 nature 520 nature 465 nature 558 nature double-membrane organelles generated phosphatidylinositolphosphat-binding motif frrgt atg8-family interacting motif rab5-dependent autophagosome closure ypt/rab gtpase module reversible phospho-switch mediated

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History of the selective autophagy research: how did it begin and where does it stand today?

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