
NATURE . COM {
}
Title:
The furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is required for transmission in ferrets | Nature Microbiology
Description:
SARS-CoV-2 entry requires sequential cleavage of the spike glycoprotein at the S1/S2 and the S2ʹ cleavage sites to mediate membrane fusion. SARS-CoV-2 has a polybasic insertion (PRRAR) at the S1/S2 cleavage site that can be cleaved by furin. Using lentiviral pseudotypes and a cell-culture-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus with an S1/S2 deletion, we show that the polybasic insertion endows SARS-CoV-2 with a selective advantage in lung cells and primary human airway epithelial cells, but impairs replication in Vero E6, a cell line used for passaging SARS-CoV-2. Using engineered spike variants and live virus competition assays and by measuring growth kinetics, we find that the selective advantage in lung and primary human airway epithelial cells depends on the expression of the cell surface protease TMPRSS2, which enables endosome-independent virus entry by a route that avoids antiviral IFITM proteins. SARS-CoV-2 virus lacking the S1/S2 furin cleavage site was shed to lower titres from infected ferrets and was not transmitted to cohoused sentinel animals, unlike wild-type virus. Analysis of 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences derived from patients and 24 human postmortem tissues showed low frequencies of naturally occurring mutants that harbour deletions at the polybasic site. Taken together, our findings reveal that the furin cleavage site is an important determinant of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Efficient transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among infected ferrets requires a functional furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
Website Age:
30 years and 10 months (reg. 1994-08-11).
Matching Content Categories {📚}
- Science
- Education
- Telecommunications
Content Management System {📝}
What CMS is nature.com built with?
Custom-built
No common CMS systems were detected on Nature.com, and no known web development framework was identified.
Traffic Estimate {📈}
What is the average monthly size of nature.com audience?
🌠 Phenomenal Traffic: 5M - 10M visitors per month
Based on our best estimate, this website will receive around 5,000,058 visitors per month in the current month.
check SE Ranking
check Ahrefs
check Similarweb
check Ubersuggest
check Semrush
How Does Nature.com Make Money? {💸}
Display Ads {🎯}
The website utilizes display ads within its content to generate revenue. Check the next section for further revenue estimates.
Ads are managed by yourbow.com. Particular relationships are as follows:
Direct Advertisers (10)
google.com, pmc.com, doceree.com, yourbow.com, audienciad.com, onlinemediasolutions.com, advibe.media, aps.amazon.com, getmediamx.com, onomagic.comReseller Advertisers (38)
conversantmedia.com, rubiconproject.com, pubmatic.com, appnexus.com, openx.com, smartadserver.com, lijit.com, sharethrough.com, video.unrulymedia.com, google.com, yahoo.com, triplelift.com, onetag.com, sonobi.com, contextweb.com, 33across.com, indexexchange.com, media.net, themediagrid.com, adform.com, richaudience.com, sovrn.com, improvedigital.com, freewheel.tv, smaato.com, yieldmo.com, amxrtb.com, adyoulike.com, adpone.com, criteo.com, smilewanted.com, 152media.info, e-planning.net, smartyads.com, loopme.com, opera.com, mediafuse.com, betweendigital.comHow Much Does Nature.com Make? {💰}
Display Ads {🎯}
$63,100 per month
Our estimates place Nature.com's monthly online earnings from display ads at $42,042 to $115,617.
Keywords {🔍}
sarscov, cells, virus, data, pubmed, spike, fig, entry, furin, google, scholar, human, tmprss, cell, cas, δcs, central, cleavage, ferrets, vero, shown, site, nature, transmission, coronavirus, pvs, performed, expression, source, replication, protein, ferret, viral, determined, extended, polybasic, ifitm, infected, calu, caco, contact, rna, proteins, viruses, assay, protease, mutants, respiratory, infection, diluted,
Topics {✒️}
nature portfolio code availability permissions reprints privacy policy cell-culture-adapted sars-cov-2 virus data availability rna extraction kits references zhou advertising methods biosafety minimum cut ethics statement early development rabbit anti-sars-cov-2 nucleocapsid sars-cov s1/s2 junction discussion nature https tools regulate sars-cov-2 entry china nature 579 nature 426 nature attenuated sars-cov-2 variants sars-cov-2prra variants emergent sars-cov-2 lineage emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage sars-cov-2 spike protein infra-red secondary antibodies efficient serine-protease-dependent entry c-terminal flag-tag sars-cov-2 spike variants author correspondence closely related sars-cov research excellence grant wider sars-related coronaviruses sequential proteolytic cleavage thermo fisher scientific mda-5-dependent interferon response codon-optimized spike proteins rabbit anti-fragilis/ifitm3 sars-cov-2 spike glycoprotein blocking sars-cov-2 replication s1/s2 cleavage site mixed sars-cov-2 population rights information sars-cov-2 animal models20 multiple sars-cov-2 variants sars-cov-2 strain england/2/2020
Schema {🗺️}
WebPage:
mainEntity:
headline:The furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is required for transmission in ferrets
description:SARS-CoV-2 entry requires sequential cleavage of the spike glycoprotein at the S1/S2 and the S2ʹ cleavage sites to mediate membrane fusion. SARS-CoV-2 has a polybasic insertion (PRRAR) at the S1/S2 cleavage site that can be cleaved by furin. Using lentiviral pseudotypes and a cell-culture-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus with an S1/S2 deletion, we show that the polybasic insertion endows SARS-CoV-2 with a selective advantage in lung cells and primary human airway epithelial cells, but impairs replication in Vero E6, a cell line used for passaging SARS-CoV-2. Using engineered spike variants and live virus competition assays and by measuring growth kinetics, we find that the selective advantage in lung and primary human airway epithelial cells depends on the expression of the cell surface protease TMPRSS2, which enables endosome-independent virus entry by a route that avoids antiviral IFITM proteins. SARS-CoV-2 virus lacking the S1/S2 furin cleavage site was shed to lower titres from infected ferrets and was not transmitted to cohoused sentinel animals, unlike wild-type virus. Analysis of 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences derived from patients and 24 human postmortem tissues showed low frequencies of naturally occurring mutants that harbour deletions at the polybasic site. Taken together, our findings reveal that the furin cleavage site is an important determinant of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Efficient transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among infected ferrets requires a functional furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
datePublished:2021-04-27T00:00:00Z
dateModified:2021-04-27T00:00:00Z
pageStart:899
pageEnd:909
sameAs:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00908-w
keywords:
SARS-CoV-2
Viral transmission
Virusâhost interactions
Life Sciences
general
Microbiology
Medical Microbiology
Parasitology
Infectious Diseases
Virology
image:
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_Fig1_HTML.png
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_Fig2_HTML.png
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_Fig3_HTML.png
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_Fig4_HTML.png
isPartOf:
name:Nature Microbiology
issn:
2058-5276
volumeNumber:6
type:
Periodical
PublicationVolume
publisher:
name:Nature Publishing Group UK
logo:
url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
type:ImageObject
type:Organization
author:
name:Thomas P. Peacock
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Daniel H. Goldhill
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4597-5963
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Jie Zhou
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Laury Baillon
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Rebecca Frise
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Olivia C. Swann
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Ruthiran Kugathasan
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Rebecca Penn
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Jonathan C. Brown
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Raul Y. Sanchez-David
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Luca Braga
affiliation:
name:Kingâs College London
address:
name:British Hearth Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kingâs College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Maia Kavanagh Williamson
affiliation:
name:University of Bristol
address:
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Jack A. Hassard
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Ecco Staller
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Brian Hanley
affiliation:
name:Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust
address:
name:Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Michael Osborn
affiliation:
name:Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust
address:
name:Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Mauro Giacca
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2927-7225
affiliation:
name:Kingâs College London
address:
name:British Hearth Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kingâs College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Andrew D. Davidson
affiliation:
name:University of Bristol
address:
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:David A. Matthews
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4611-8795
affiliation:
name:University of Bristol
address:
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Wendy S. Barclay
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3948-0895
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
email:[email protected]
type:Person
isAccessibleForFree:1
type:ScholarlyArticle
context:https://schema.org
ScholarlyArticle:
headline:The furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein is required for transmission in ferrets
description:SARS-CoV-2 entry requires sequential cleavage of the spike glycoprotein at the S1/S2 and the S2ʹ cleavage sites to mediate membrane fusion. SARS-CoV-2 has a polybasic insertion (PRRAR) at the S1/S2 cleavage site that can be cleaved by furin. Using lentiviral pseudotypes and a cell-culture-adapted SARS-CoV-2 virus with an S1/S2 deletion, we show that the polybasic insertion endows SARS-CoV-2 with a selective advantage in lung cells and primary human airway epithelial cells, but impairs replication in Vero E6, a cell line used for passaging SARS-CoV-2. Using engineered spike variants and live virus competition assays and by measuring growth kinetics, we find that the selective advantage in lung and primary human airway epithelial cells depends on the expression of the cell surface protease TMPRSS2, which enables endosome-independent virus entry by a route that avoids antiviral IFITM proteins. SARS-CoV-2 virus lacking the S1/S2 furin cleavage site was shed to lower titres from infected ferrets and was not transmitted to cohoused sentinel animals, unlike wild-type virus. Analysis of 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences derived from patients and 24 human postmortem tissues showed low frequencies of naturally occurring mutants that harbour deletions at the polybasic site. Taken together, our findings reveal that the furin cleavage site is an important determinant of SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Efficient transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among infected ferrets requires a functional furin cleavage site in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein.
datePublished:2021-04-27T00:00:00Z
dateModified:2021-04-27T00:00:00Z
pageStart:899
pageEnd:909
sameAs:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-021-00908-w
keywords:
SARS-CoV-2
Viral transmission
Virusâhost interactions
Life Sciences
general
Microbiology
Medical Microbiology
Parasitology
Infectious Diseases
Virology
image:
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_Fig1_HTML.png
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_Fig2_HTML.png
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_Fig3_HTML.png
https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_Fig4_HTML.png
isPartOf:
name:Nature Microbiology
issn:
2058-5276
volumeNumber:6
type:
Periodical
PublicationVolume
publisher:
name:Nature Publishing Group UK
logo:
url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
type:ImageObject
type:Organization
author:
name:Thomas P. Peacock
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Daniel H. Goldhill
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4597-5963
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Jie Zhou
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Laury Baillon
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Rebecca Frise
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Olivia C. Swann
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Ruthiran Kugathasan
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Rebecca Penn
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Jonathan C. Brown
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Raul Y. Sanchez-David
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Luca Braga
affiliation:
name:Kingâs College London
address:
name:British Hearth Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kingâs College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Maia Kavanagh Williamson
affiliation:
name:University of Bristol
address:
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Jack A. Hassard
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Ecco Staller
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Brian Hanley
affiliation:
name:Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust
address:
name:Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Michael Osborn
affiliation:
name:Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust
address:
name:Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Mauro Giacca
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2927-7225
affiliation:
name:Kingâs College London
address:
name:British Hearth Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kingâs College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Andrew D. Davidson
affiliation:
name:University of Bristol
address:
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:David A. Matthews
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4611-8795
affiliation:
name:University of Bristol
address:
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
type:Person
name:Wendy S. Barclay
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3948-0895
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
email:[email protected]
type:Person
isAccessibleForFree:1
["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]:
name:Nature Microbiology
issn:
2058-5276
volumeNumber:6
Organization:
name:Nature Publishing Group UK
logo:
url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
type:ImageObject
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Kingâs College London
address:
name:British Hearth Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kingâs College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:University of Bristol
address:
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust
address:
name:Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust
address:
name:Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Kingâs College London
address:
name:British Hearth Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kingâs College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:University of Bristol
address:
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:University of Bristol
address:
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
type:PostalAddress
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
ImageObject:
url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
Person:
name:Thomas P. Peacock
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Daniel H. Goldhill
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4597-5963
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Jie Zhou
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Laury Baillon
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Rebecca Frise
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Olivia C. Swann
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Ruthiran Kugathasan
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Rebecca Penn
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Jonathan C. Brown
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Raul Y. Sanchez-David
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Luca Braga
affiliation:
name:Kingâs College London
address:
name:British Hearth Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kingâs College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Maia Kavanagh Williamson
affiliation:
name:University of Bristol
address:
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Jack A. Hassard
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Ecco Staller
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Brian Hanley
affiliation:
name:Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust
address:
name:Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Michael Osborn
affiliation:
name:Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust
address:
name:Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Mauro Giacca
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2927-7225
affiliation:
name:Kingâs College London
address:
name:British Hearth Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kingâs College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Andrew D. Davidson
affiliation:
name:University of Bristol
address:
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:David A. Matthews
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4611-8795
affiliation:
name:University of Bristol
address:
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
name:Wendy S. Barclay
url:http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3948-0895
affiliation:
name:Imperial College London
address:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
type:PostalAddress
type:Organization
email:[email protected]
PostalAddress:
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
name:British Hearth Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kingâs College London, London, UK
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
name:Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK
name:Department of Cellular Pathology, Northwest London Pathology, Imperial College London NHS Trust, London, UK
name:British Hearth Foundation Centre of Research Excellence, School of Cardiovascular Medicine and Sciences, Kingâs College London, London, UK
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
name:School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
name:Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, UK
External Links {🔗}(226)
- Get to know https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4597-5963's earnings
- Get to know https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2927-7225's earnings
- Earnings of https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4611-8795
- How much cash flow does https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3948-0895 have monthly?
- https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04455815 income
- How much money does https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/R20012 make?
- How much profit does http://n2t.net/addgene:53887 make?
- https://ccb.jhu.edu/software/FLASH income
- What's the monthly income of http://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena?
- Get to know what's the income of https://www.ebi.ac.uk/ena/data/view/PRJEB40394
- How much does http://www.github.com/Flu1/Corona generate monthly?
- What's the financial gain of http://www.github.com/Flu1/corona?
- What's the total monthly financial gain of https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2012-7?
- What's the monthly money flow for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32015507?
- Earnings of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095418
- Find out how much http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20pneumonia%20outbreak%20associated%20with%20a%20new%20coronavirus%20of%20probable%20bat%20origin&journal=Nature&doi=10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2012-7&volume=579&pages=270-273&publication_year=2020&author=Zhou%2CP earns monthly
- https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa2001017 income
- How profitable is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31978945?
- Financial intake of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7092803
- What's the income generated by http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20novel%20coronavirus%20from%20patients%20with%20pneumonia%20in%20China%2C%202019&journal=N.%20Engl.%20J.%20Med.&doi=10.1056%2FNEJMoa2001017&volume=382&pages=727-733&publication_year=2020&author=Zhu%2CN each month?
- How much money does https://covid19.who.int/ make?
- How much revenue does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20926566 bring in?
- Revenue of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3004351
- Explore the financials of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Efficient%20activation%20of%20the%20severe%20acute%20respiratory%20syndrome%20coronavirus%20spike%20protein%20by%20the%20transmembrane%20protease%20TMPRSS2&journal=J.%20Virol.&volume=84&pages=12658-12664&publication_year=2010&author=Matsuyama%2CS
- How profitable is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=16081529?
- How much money does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1188015 make?
- Get to know http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Inhibitors%20of%20cathepsin%20L%20prevent%20severe%20acute%20respiratory%20syndrome%20coronavirus%20entry&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&volume=102&pages=11876-11881&publication_year=2005&author=Simmons%2CG's earnings
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25288733 generate monthly?
- Learn how profitable http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4210292 is on a monthly basis
- What's the monthly income of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Host%20cell%20entry%20of%20Middle%20East%20respiratory%20syndrome%20coronavirus%20after%20two-step%2C%20furin-mediated%20activation%20of%20the%20spike%20protein&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&volume=111&pages=15214-15219&publication_year=2014&author=Millet%2CJK&author=Whittaker%2CGR?
- Earnings of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19321428
- What's the revenue for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2660061?
- What's the revenue for http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Activation%20of%20the%20SARS%20coronavirus%20spike%20protein%20via%20sequential%20proteolytic%20cleavage%20at%20two%20distinct%20sites&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&volume=106&pages=5871-5876&publication_year=2009&author=Belouzard%2CS&author=Chu%2CVC&author=Whittaker%2CGR?
- Learn about the earnings of https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2772-0
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=19439480 pull in monthly?
- What is the monthly revenue of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2708636?
- What's the total monthly financial gain of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Characterization%20of%20a%20highly%20conserved%20domain%20within%20the%20severe%20acute%20respiratory%20syndrome%20coronavirus%20spike%20protein%20S2%20domain%20with%20characteristics%20of%20a%20viral%20fusion%20peptide&journal=J.%20Virol.&volume=83&pages=7411-7421&publication_year=2009&author=Madu%2CIG&author=Roth%2CSL&author=Belouzard%2CS&author=Whittaker%2CGR?
- What's the financial intake of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=14647384?
- What are the earnings of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7095016?
- What's the income generated by http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Angiotensin-converting%20enzyme%202%20is%20a%20functional%20receptor%20for%20the%20SARS%20coronavirus&journal=Nature&volume=426&pages=450-454&publication_year=2003&author=Li%2CW each month?
- How much does https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2003138117 gross monthly?
- What's the income generated by http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32057769 each month?
- How much income does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7114094 have?
- What is the monthly revenue of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20spike%20glycoprotein%20of%20the%20new%20coronavirus%202019-nCoV%20contains%20a%20furin-like%20cleavage%20site%20absent%20in%20CoV%20of%20the%20same%20clade&journal=Antiviral%20Res.&volume=176&publication_year=2020&author=Coutard%2CB?
- How much profit does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32512386 generate?
- Explore the financials of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7255728
- How much does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Proteolytic%20cleavage%20of%20the%20SARS-CoV-2%20spike%20protein%20and%20the%20role%20of%20the%20novel%20S1%2FS2%20site&journal=iScience&volume=23&publication_year=2020&author=Jaimes%2CJA&author=Millet%2CJK&author=Whittaker%2CGR earn?
- How much money does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32284615 generate?
- What's the financial intake of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20proximal%20origin%20of%20SARS-CoV-2&journal=Nat.%20Med.&volume=26&pages=450-452&publication_year=2020&author=Andersen%2CKG&author=Rambaut%2CA&author=Lipkin%2CWI&author=Holmes%2CEC&author=Garry%2CRF?
- How much revenue does https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0771-4 bring in?
- How much money does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26545254 make?
- What's the revenue for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4636366?
- How much income is http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Cleavage%20of%20a%20neuroinvasive%20human%20respiratory%20virus%20spike%20glycoprotein%20by%20proprotein%20convertases%20modulates%20neurovirulence%20and%20virus%20spread%20within%20the%20central%20nervous%20system&journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&volume=11&publication_year=2015&author=Coupanec%2CA earning monthly?
- How much profit does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=27791014 make?
- Learn how profitable http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5086990 is on a monthly basis
- See how much http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Proteolytic%20processing%20of%20Middle%20East%20respiratory%20syndrome%20coronavirus%20spikes%20expands%20virus%20tropism&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&volume=113&pages=12262-12267&publication_year=2016&author=Park%2CJE makes per month
- How much does https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2020.04.022 make?
- What's the income generated by https://doi.org/10.26508/lsa.202000786 each month?
- How much profit does https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03237-4 make?
- What are the earnings of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32301390?
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7241555 rake in every month?
- Get to know http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Attenuated%20SARS-CoV-2%20variants%20with%20deletions%20at%20the%20S1%2FS2%20junction&journal=Emerg.%20Microbes%20Infect.&volume=9&pages=837-842&publication_year=2020&author=Lau%2CSY's earnings
- How much profit is https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00790-20 making per month?
- Profit of https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001453
- What are the earnings of https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciaa953?
- Learn about the earnings of https://doi.org/10.1099/jgv.0.001481
- Discover the revenue of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32723359
- How much profit does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386171 make?
- How profitable is http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Characterisation%20of%20the%20transcriptome%20and%20proteome%20of%20SARS-CoV-2%20reveals%20a%20cell%20passage%20induced%20in-frame%20deletion%20of%20the%20furin-like%20cleavage%20site%20from%20the%20spike%20glycoprotein&journal=Genome%20Med.&volume=12&publication_year=2020&author=Davidson%2CAD?
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33476327 net monthly?
- Check the income stats for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7853460
- How profitable is http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=SARS-CoV-2%20variants%20with%20mutations%20at%20the%20S1%2FS2%20cleavage%20site%20are%20generated%20in%20vitro%20during%20propagation%20in%20TMPRSS2-deficient%20cells&journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&volume=17&publication_year=2021&author=Sasaki%2CM?
- What's http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33574281's gross income?
- What's the income generated by http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7878750 each month?
- What's the income generated by http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20genome-wide%20CRISPR%20screen%20identifies%20host%20factors%20that%20regulate%20SARS-CoV-2%20entry&journal=Nat.%20Commun.&volume=12&publication_year=2021&author=Zhu%2CY each month?
- Get to know what's the income of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32532959
- Check the income stats for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7289711
- How much does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20role%20of%20furin%20cleavage%20site%20in%20SARS-CoV-2%20spike%20protein-mediated%20membrane%20fusion%20in%20the%20presence%20or%20absence%20of%20trypsin&journal=Signal%20Transduct.%20Target.%20Ther.&volume=5&publication_year=2020&author=Xia%2CS pull in?
- What's the financial intake of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24027332?
- Monthly income for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3838146
- How profitable is http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Middle%20East%20respiratory%20syndrome%20coronavirus%20infection%20mediated%20by%20the%20transmembrane%20serine%20protease%20TMPRSS2&journal=J.%20Virol.&volume=87&pages=12552-12561&publication_year=2013&author=Shirato%2CK&author=Kawase%2CM&author=Matsuyama%2CS?
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=20631123 net monthly?
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2937781 make?
- What's the income generated by http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=TMPRSS2%20and%20TMPRSS4%20facilitate%20trypsin-independent%20spread%20of%20influenza%20virus%20in%20Caco-2%20cells&journal=J.%20Virol.&volume=84&pages=10016-10025&publication_year=2010&author=Bertram%2CS each month?
- Check the income stats for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32221306
- How much money does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7100515 generate?
- Get to know http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Characterization%20of%20spike%20glycoprotein%20of%20SARS-CoV-2%20on%20virus%20entry%20and%20its%20immune%20cross-reactivity%20with%20SARS-CoV&journal=Nat.%20Commun.&volume=11&publication_year=2020&author=Ou%2CX's earnings
- What's the monthly money flow for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32142651?
- How much revenue does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7102627 bring in?
- How much profit does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=SARS-CoV-2%20cell%20entry%20depends%20on%20ACE2%20and%20TMPRSS2%20and%20is%20blocked%20by%20a%20clinically%20proven%20protease%20inhibitor&journal=Cell&volume=181&pages=271-280&publication_year=2020&author=Hoffmann%2CM generate?
- What's the monthly money flow for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21068237?
- What is the earnings of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=A%20transmembrane%20serine%20protease%20is%20linked%20to%20the%20severe%20acute%20respiratory%20syndrome%20coronavirus%20receptor%20and%20activates%20virus%20entry&journal=J.%20Virol.&volume=85&pages=873-882&publication_year=2011&author=Shulla%2CA?
- How much revenue does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32165541 bring in?
- What's the monthly money flow for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7132130?
- Monthly income for http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Enhanced%20isolation%20of%20SARS-CoV-2%20by%20TMPRSS2-expressing%20cells&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&volume=117&pages=7001-7003&publication_year=2020&author=Matsuyama%2CS
- Learn how profitable http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=31013314 is on a monthly basis
- What's the income of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6478314?
- What are the total earnings of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Consensus%20and%20variations%20in%20cell%20line%20specificity%20among%20human%20metapneumovirus%20strains&journal=PLoS%20ONE&volume=14&publication_year=2019&author=Nao%2CN?
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=23536651's total income per month
- Get to know http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3648130's earnings
- Revenue of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=TMPRSS2%20activates%20the%20human%20coronavirus%20229E%20for%20cathepsin-independent%20host%20cell%20entry%20and%20is%20expressed%20in%20viral%20target%20cells%20in%20the%20respiratory%20epithelium&journal=J.%20Virol.&volume=87&pages=6150-6160&publication_year=2013&author=Bertram%2CS
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32602823 rake in every month?
- Monthly income for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7473123
- How much revenue does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Bat%20SARS-lke%20WIV1%20coronavirus%20uses%20the%20ACE2%20of%20multiple%20animal%20species%20as%20receptor%20and%20evades%20IFITM3%20restriction%20via%20TMPRSS2%20activation%20of%20membrane%20fusion&journal=Emerg.%20Microbes%20Infect.&volume=9&pages=1567-1579&publication_year=2020&author=Zheng%2CM produce monthly?
- Get to know what's the income of https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00562-20
- Income figures for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=21253575
- Discover the revenue of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3017121
- How much does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Distinct%20patterns%20of%20IFITM-mediated%20restriction%20of%20filoviruses%2C%20SARS%20coronavirus%2C%20and%20influenza%20A%20virus&journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&volume=7&publication_year=2011&author=Huang%2CIC rake in every month?
- How much revenue does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=24268777 produce monthly?
- Check the income stats for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3898084
- How much profit does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Amphotericin%20B%20increases%20influenza%20A%20virus%20infection%20by%20preventing%20IFITM3-mediated%20restriction&journal=Cell%20Rep.&volume=5&pages=895-908&publication_year=2013&author=Lin%2CTY make?
- What are the total earnings of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32259477?
- How much cash flow does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7144857 have monthly?
- http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Infection%20and%20rapid%20transmission%20of%20SARS-CoV-2%20in%20ferrets&journal=Cell%20Host%20Microbe&volume=27&pages=704-709&publication_year=2020&author=Kim%2CYI's total income per month
- How much profit does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32641684 generate?
- Income figures for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7343828
- How much revenue does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=SARS-CoV-2%20is%20transmitted%20via%20contact%20and%20via%20the%20air%20between%20ferrets&journal=Nat.%20Commun.&volume=11&publication_year=2020&author=Richard%2CM generate?
- How much income is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29774862 earning monthly?
- What's the revenue for http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6004870?
- Discover the revenue of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Ferrets%20as%20models%20for%20influenza%20virus%20transmission%20studies%20and%20pandemic%20risk%20assessments&journal=Emerg.%20Infect.%20Dis.&volume=24&pages=965-971&publication_year=2018&author=Belser%2CJA
- How much revenue does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32527808 generate?
- What's the financial intake of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Coronavirus%20rips%20through%20Dutch%20mink%20farms%2C%20triggering%20culls&journal=Science&volume=368&publication_year=2020&author=Enserink%2CM?
- Explore the financials of https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abe5901
- How much does https://doi.org/10.1016/S2666-5247(20)30115-4 bring in each month?
- What's the financial gain of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33043289?
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7534663 bring in each month?
- Financial intake of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Structures%20and%20dynamics%20of%20the%20novel%20S1%2FS2%20protease%20cleavage%20site%20loop%20of%20the%20SARS-CoV-2%20spike%20glycoprotein&journal=J.%20Struct.%20Biol.%20X&volume=4&publication_year=2020&author=Lemmin%2CT&author=Kalbermatter%2CD&author=Harder%2CD&author=Plattet%2CP&author=Fotiadis%2CD
- Check the income stats for https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02422-20
- What's the total monthly financial gain of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33243994?
- How much money does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7693302 make?
- How much does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=SARS-CoV-2%20spike-protein%20D614G%20mutation%20increases%20virion%20spike%20density%20and%20infectivity&journal=Nat.%20Commun.&volume=11&publication_year=2020&author=Zhang%2CL earn?
- How much does https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2575-3 gross monthly?
- How profitable is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=33465165?
- Find out how much http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7845965 earns monthly
- What's the income of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Hydroxychloroquine-mediated%20inhibition%20of%20SARS-CoV-2%20entry%20is%20attenuated%20by%20TMPRSS2&journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&volume=17&publication_year=2021&author=Ou%2CT?
- Income figures for https://virological.org/t/preliminary-genomic-characterisation-of-an-emergent-sars-cov-2-lineage-in-the-uk-defined-by-a-novel-set-of-spike-mutations/563
- Income figures for http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Beitrag%20zur%20kollektiven%20Behandlung%20pharmakologischer%20Reihenversuche&journal=Naunyn%20Schmiedebergs%20Arch.%20Exp.%20Pathol.%20Pharmakol.&volume=162&pages=480-483&publication_year=1931&author=K%C3%A4rber%2CG
- What's the income generated by http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=26069727 each month?
- What's http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4431382's gross income?
- What are the earnings of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Antiviral%20therapies%20against%20Ebola%20and%20other%20emerging%20viral%20diseases%20using%20existing%20medicines%20that%20block%20virus%20entry&journal=F1000Res&volume=4&publication_year=2015&author=Long%2CJ&author=Wright%2CE&author=Molesti%2CE&author=Temperton%2CN&author=Barclay%2CW?
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=32647131's revenue stream
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7347890 pull in monthly?
- Explore the financials of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Self-amplifying%20RNA%20SARS-CoV-2%20lipid%20nanoparticle%20vaccine%20candidate%20induces%20high%20neutralizing%20antibody%20titers%20in%20mice&journal=Nat.%20Commun.&volume=11&publication_year=2020&author=McKay%2CPF
- What's https://doi.org/10.1128/jvi.02415-20's gross income?
- Get to know http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Survey%20of%20human%20chromosome%2021%20gene%20expression%20effects%20on%20early%20development%20in%20Danio%20rerio&journal=G3%20%28Bethesda%29&volume=8&pages=2215-2223&publication_year=2018&author=Edie%2CS's earnings
- How much profit does https://doi.org/10.15252/embj.2019103958 make?
- How much does https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.01217-18 rake in every month?
- How much does http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=30352857 bring in each month?
- How much income is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6233120 earning monthly?
- Discover the revenue of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20mechanism%20of%20resistance%20to%20favipiravir%20in%20influenza&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&volume=115&pages=11613-11618&publication_year=2018&author=Goldhill%2CDH
- Earnings of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=22135472
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3250168 income
- How much cash flow does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Accurate%20sampling%20and%20deep%20sequencing%20of%20the%20HIV-1%20protease%20gene%20using%20a%20Primer%20ID&journal=Proc.%20Natl%20Acad.%20Sci.%20USA&volume=108&pages=20166-20171&publication_year=2011&author=Jabara%2CCB&author=Jones%2CCD&author=Roach%2CJ&author=Anderson%2CJA&author=Swanstrom%2CR have monthly?
- Income figures for http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Expression%20of%20SARS-CoV-2%20receptor%20ACE2%20and%20TMPRSS2%20in%20human%20primary%20conjunctival%20and%20pterygium%20cell%20lines%20and%20in%20mouse%20cornea&journal=Eye%20%28Lond.%29&volume=34&pages=1212-1219&publication_year=2020&author=Ma%2CD
- What's the revenue for http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Ultraviolet%20a%20enhances%20cathepsin%20L%20expression%20and%20activity%20via%20JNK%20pathway%20in%20human%20dermal%20fibroblasts&journal=Chin.%20Med.%20J.%20%28Engl.%29&volume=129&pages=2853-2860&publication_year=2016&author=Xu%2CQF?
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=25175744's financial summary
- How much revenue does http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=The%20cAMP-responsive%20element%20binding%20protein%20%28CREB%29%20transcription%20factor%20regulates%20furin%20expression%20during%20human%20trophoblast%20syncytialization&journal=Placenta&volume=35&pages=907-918&publication_year=2014&author=Zhou%2CZ generate?
- Get to know what's the income of https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2016.00535
- How much profit is http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=29300777 making per month?
- Learn about the earnings of http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5771632
- What is the earnings of http://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?&title=Internal%20genes%20of%20a%20highly%20pathogenic%20H5N1%20influenza%20virus%20determine%20high%20viral%20replication%20in%20myeloid%20cells%20and%20severe%20outcome%20of%20infection%20in%20mice&journal=PLoS%20Pathog.&volume=14&publication_year=2018&author=Li%2CH?
- How much income does https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41564-021-00908-w?format=refman&flavour=references have?
- See how much https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Thomas%20P.%20Peacock makes per month
- https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Thomas%20P.%20Peacock%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en's revenue stream
- What's the financial gain of https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Daniel%20H.%20Goldhill?
- Profit of https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Daniel%20H.%20Goldhill%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en
- What's the total monthly financial gain of https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Jie%20Zhou?
- Explore the financials of https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Jie%20Zhou%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en
- How much does https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Laury%20Baillon pull in monthly?
- How much money does https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Laury%20Baillon%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en make?
- Financial intake of https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Rebecca%20Frise
- What is the monthly revenue of https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Rebecca%20Frise%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en?
- How much cash flow does https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Olivia%20C.%20Swann have monthly?
- How much profit is https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Olivia%20C.%20Swann%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en making per month?
- How much profit does https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Ruthiran%20Kugathasan make?
- How much does https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Ruthiran%20Kugathasan%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en bring in each month?
- What's the income generated by https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Rebecca%20Penn each month?
- Get to know https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Rebecca%20Penn%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en's earnings
- How much profit is https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Jonathan%20C.%20Brown making per month?
- https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Jonathan%20C.%20Brown%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en's revenue stream
- Explore the financials of https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Raul%20Y.%20Sanchez-David
- How much does https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Raul%20Y.%20Sanchez-David%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en pull in monthly?
- How much income is https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Luca%20Braga earning monthly?
- How much does https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Luca%20Braga%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en earn?
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Maia%20Kavanagh%20Williamson's total income per month
- Earnings of https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Maia%20Kavanagh%20Williamson%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en
- Learn how profitable https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Jack%20A.%20Hassard is on a monthly basis
- https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Jack%20A.%20Hassard%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en income
- What's the financial gain of https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Ecco%20Staller?
- What's the financial intake of https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Ecco%20Staller%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en?
- Explore the financials of https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Brian%20Hanley
- Get to know what's the income of https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Brian%20Hanley%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en
- How much does https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Michael%20Osborn net monthly?
- Learn about the earnings of https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Michael%20Osborn%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en
- How much cash flow does https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Mauro%20Giacca have monthly?
- What is the monthly revenue of https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Mauro%20Giacca%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en?
- How much income does https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Andrew%20D.%20Davidson have?
- Profit of https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Andrew%20D.%20Davidson%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en
- See how much https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=David%20A.%20Matthews makes per month
- Monthly income for https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22David%20A.%20Matthews%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en
- https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Wendy%20S.%20Barclay's financial summary
- How much profit does https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Wendy%20S.%20Barclay%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en make?
- What are the earnings of https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_MOESM1_ESM.pdf?
- How much revenue does https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_MOESM2_ESM.pdf generate?
- How much revenue does https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_MOESM3_ESM.xlsx generate?
- How much income does https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_MOESM4_ESM.xlsx have?
- Discover the revenue of https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_MOESM5_ESM.pdf
- https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_MOESM6_ESM.xlsx's revenue stream
- What's the financial gain of https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_MOESM7_ESM.xlsx?
- What's the profit of https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_MOESM8_ESM.xlsx?
- Learn about the earnings of https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_MOESM9_ESM.xlsx
- Profit of https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_MOESM10_ESM.pdf
- Learn about the earnings of https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_MOESM11_ESM.xlsx
- What's the total monthly financial gain of https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w/MediaObjects/41564_2021_908_MOESM12_ESM.xlsx?
- Find out how much https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=The%20furin%20cleavage%20site%20in%20the%20SARS-CoV-2%20spike%20protein%20is%20required%20for%20transmission%20in%20ferrets&author=Thomas%20P.%20Peacock%20et%20al&contentID=10.1038%2Fs41564-021-00908-w©right=The%20Author%28s%29%2C%20under%20exclusive%20licence%20to%20Springer%20Nature%20Limited&publication=2058-5276&publicationDate=2021-04-27&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true earns monthly
- How much does https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/s41564-021-00908-w bring in each month?
- What's the income generated by https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/s41564-021-00908-w?format=refman&flavour=citation each month?
- How much does https://doi.org/10.1038/s41579-025-01185-8 gross monthly?
- Check the income stats for https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-95644-0
- Income figures for https://doi.org/10.1038/s44298-025-00127-8
- Learn about the earnings of https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-60406-z
- What's https://doi.org/10.1038/s41541-025-01165-2's gross income?
- How much income is https://www.protocols.io/ earning monthly?
- How much does https://www.natureindex.com/ generate monthly?
- Check the income stats for http://www.naturechina.com
- What are the total earnings of https://www.natureasia.com/ja-jp?
Analytics and Tracking {📊}
- Google Tag Manager
Libraries {📚}
- Prism.js
- Zoom.js
Emails and Hosting {✉️}
Mail Servers:
- mxa-002c5801.gslb.pphosted.com
- mxb-002c5801.gslb.pphosted.com
Name Servers:
- pdns1.ultradns.net
- pdns2.ultradns.net
- pdns3.ultradns.org
- pdns4.ultradns.org
- pdns5.ultradns.info
- pdns6.ultradns.co.uk
CDN Services {📦}
- Crossref