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         headline:The type I TGF-β receptor engages TRAF6 to activate TAK1 in a receptor kinase-independent manner
         description:In response to TGFβ, and in contrast to canonical SMAD activation, TGFβ receptor kinase activity is dispensable for activating the TAK1 kinase, whereas the TRAF6 ubiquitin ligase is neccessary. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates embryonic development and tissue homeostasis; however, aberrations of its activity occur in cancer1,2. TGF-β signals through its Type II and Type I receptors (TβRII and TβRI) causing phosphorylation of Smad proteins3,4. TGF-β-associated kinase 1 (TAK1), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) family, was originally identified as an effector of TGF-β-induced p38 activation5. However, the molecular mechanisms for its activation are unknown. Here we report that the ubiquitin ligase (E3) TRAF6 interacts with a consensus motif present in TβRI. The TβRI–TRAF6 interaction is required for TGF-β-induced autoubiquitylation of TRAF6 and subsequent activation of the TAK1–p38/JNK pathway, which leads to apoptosis. TβRI kinase activity is required for activation of the canonical Smad pathway, whereas E3 activity of TRAF6 regulates the activation of TAK1 in a receptor kinase-independent manner. Intriguingly, TGF-β-induced TRAF6-mediated Lys 63-linked polyubiquitylation of TAK1 Lys 34 correlates with TAK1 activation. Our data show that TGF-β specifically activates TAK1 through interaction of TβRI with TRAF6, whereas activation of Smad2 is not dependent on TRAF6.
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      headline:The type I TGF-β receptor engages TRAF6 to activate TAK1 in a receptor kinase-independent manner
      description:In response to TGFβ, and in contrast to canonical SMAD activation, TGFβ receptor kinase activity is dispensable for activating the TAK1 kinase, whereas the TRAF6 ubiquitin ligase is neccessary. Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is a multifunctional cytokine that regulates embryonic development and tissue homeostasis; however, aberrations of its activity occur in cancer1,2. TGF-β signals through its Type II and Type I receptors (TβRII and TβRI) causing phosphorylation of Smad proteins3,4. TGF-β-associated kinase 1 (TAK1), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAPKKK) family, was originally identified as an effector of TGF-β-induced p38 activation5. However, the molecular mechanisms for its activation are unknown. Here we report that the ubiquitin ligase (E3) TRAF6 interacts with a consensus motif present in TβRI. The TβRI–TRAF6 interaction is required for TGF-β-induced autoubiquitylation of TRAF6 and subsequent activation of the TAK1–p38/JNK pathway, which leads to apoptosis. TβRI kinase activity is required for activation of the canonical Smad pathway, whereas E3 activity of TRAF6 regulates the activation of TAK1 in a receptor kinase-independent manner. Intriguingly, TGF-β-induced TRAF6-mediated Lys 63-linked polyubiquitylation of TAK1 Lys 34 correlates with TAK1 activation. Our data show that TGF-β specifically activates TAK1 through interaction of TβRI with TRAF6, whereas activation of Smad2 is not dependent on TRAF6.
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