We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12917-015-0344-6.

Title:
Natural Besnoitia besnoiti infections in cattle: chronology of disease progression | BMC Veterinary Research
Description:
Background Bovine besnoitiosis is an emerging protozoan disease in cattle. Neither vaccines nor chemotherapeutic drugs are currently available for prevention and treatment of Besnoitia besnoiti infections. Therefore the implementation of appropriate disease management strategies is of utmost importance. The aim of this longitudinal study was to complement current knowledge on the chronology of disease progression. This was realized by correlating clinical findings in early stages of naturally acquired bovine besnoitiosis with results of real-time PCR of skin biopsies and of two western immunoblots and an immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Animals for this study were obtained by i) closely monitoring a cow-calf operation with a high prevalence of bovine besnoitiosis for cases of acute disease, and by ii) conducting a 12-week cohabitation experiment on pasture with five healthy heifers, a healthy bull and five B. besnoiti infected cows. A control group of six healthy heifers was kept at a minimal distance of 20 m. Further, the spectrum of potential insect vectors was determined. Results Infected cattle were followed up to a maximum of 221 days after first detection of B. besnoiti antibodies. Two severely affected cows developed visible and palpable alterations of skin, a decrease in body condition despite good feed intake, and chronic bovine besnoitiosis-associated laminitis leading to non-healing sole ulcers. The cows also had high reciprocal IFAT titers and high loads of parasite DNA in skin samples. Two heifers developed a mild clinical course characterized by few parasitic cysts visible in the scleral conjunctivae and vestibula vaginae. Both heifers became infected during the time of high insect activity of the species Musca domestica, Musca autumnalis, Haematobia irritans, and Stomoxys calcitrans. When a third heifer became subclinically infected, low insect activity was recorded. None of the six control heifers contracted a B. besnoiti infection. Conclusions In chronic besnoitiosis, the severe clinical course apparently corresponded with high reciprocal IFAT titers and high loads of parasite DNA in skin, whereas mild and subclinical cases displayed lower values. Bovine besnoitiosis-associated laminitis represents an important complication in severe chronic disease which severely impairs animal welfare.
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Keywords {🔍}

besnoitiosis, bovine, besnoiti, cattle, skin, stage, disease, cysts, clinical, acute, chronic, figure, google, scholar, animals, study, infected, article, pcr, pubmed, results, dps, vet, besnoitia, animal, parasite, infection, scleral, period, day, days, dna, cas, time, conjunctivae, severe, healthy, lameness, examinations, schares, cases, parasitic, subacute, ifat, samples, mild, serological, blood, parasites, signs,

Topics {✒️}

real-time pcr ct-values ludwig-maximilians-universitaet muenchen intra-organ parasite distribution real-time pcr results bull libido/serving capacity disease progression/zoite proliferation la besnoitiose bovine scharr friedrich-loeffler-institut real-time pcr examinations open access license full size image article download pdf zymo research corporation clinical signs/diagnoses typical das = days ante seroconversion related subjects laminar epidermal infoldings real-time pcr species musca domestica naturally acquired besnoitiosis federal research institute privacy choices/manage cookies cycle threshold [ct]-values afr vet assoc holstein dairy cows �natural’ infections [2] de waal dt full access besnoitia besnoiti infections dps = days post seroconversion naturally acquired severe pronounced immune reaction high parasite load dairy cattle analysed dairy cattle farm tropical veterinary medicine chronically infected limousins besnoitia besnoiti infection open skin lesions open skin lesion clinical veterinary medicine bull acad med specific dna levels van niekerk jw previously published titrations chronically infected cattle acutely besnoitia besnoiti besnoitia besnoiti tachyzoites pcr negative results central-eastern europe

Schema {🗺️}

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         description:Bovine besnoitiosis is an emerging protozoan disease in cattle. Neither vaccines nor chemotherapeutic drugs are currently available for prevention and treatment of Besnoitia besnoiti infections. Therefore the implementation of appropriate disease management strategies is of utmost importance. The aim of this longitudinal study was to complement current knowledge on the chronology of disease progression. This was realized by correlating clinical findings in early stages of naturally acquired bovine besnoitiosis with results of real-time PCR of skin biopsies and of two western immunoblots and an immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Animals for this study were obtained by i) closely monitoring a cow-calf operation with a high prevalence of bovine besnoitiosis for cases of acute disease, and by ii) conducting a 12-week cohabitation experiment on pasture with five healthy heifers, a healthy bull and five B. besnoiti infected cows. A control group of six healthy heifers was kept at a minimal distance of 20 m. Further, the spectrum of potential insect vectors was determined. Infected cattle were followed up to a maximum of 221 days after first detection of B. besnoiti antibodies. Two severely affected cows developed visible and palpable alterations of skin, a decrease in body condition despite good feed intake, and chronic bovine besnoitiosis-associated laminitis leading to non-healing sole ulcers. The cows also had high reciprocal IFAT titers and high loads of parasite DNA in skin samples. Two heifers developed a mild clinical course characterized by few parasitic cysts visible in the scleral conjunctivae and vestibula vaginae. Both heifers became infected during the time of high insect activity of the species Musca domestica, Musca autumnalis, Haematobia irritans, and Stomoxys calcitrans. When a third heifer became subclinically infected, low insect activity was recorded. None of the six control heifers contracted a B. besnoiti infection. In chronic besnoitiosis, the severe clinical course apparently corresponded with high reciprocal IFAT titers and high loads of parasite DNA in skin, whereas mild and subclinical cases displayed lower values. Bovine besnoitiosis-associated laminitis represents an important complication in severe chronic disease which severely impairs animal welfare.
         datePublished:2015-02-14T00:00:00Z
         dateModified:2015-02-14T00:00:00Z
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            Transgenics
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      headline:Natural Besnoitia besnoiti infections in cattle: chronology of disease progression
      description:Bovine besnoitiosis is an emerging protozoan disease in cattle. Neither vaccines nor chemotherapeutic drugs are currently available for prevention and treatment of Besnoitia besnoiti infections. Therefore the implementation of appropriate disease management strategies is of utmost importance. The aim of this longitudinal study was to complement current knowledge on the chronology of disease progression. This was realized by correlating clinical findings in early stages of naturally acquired bovine besnoitiosis with results of real-time PCR of skin biopsies and of two western immunoblots and an immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Animals for this study were obtained by i) closely monitoring a cow-calf operation with a high prevalence of bovine besnoitiosis for cases of acute disease, and by ii) conducting a 12-week cohabitation experiment on pasture with five healthy heifers, a healthy bull and five B. besnoiti infected cows. A control group of six healthy heifers was kept at a minimal distance of 20 m. Further, the spectrum of potential insect vectors was determined. Infected cattle were followed up to a maximum of 221 days after first detection of B. besnoiti antibodies. Two severely affected cows developed visible and palpable alterations of skin, a decrease in body condition despite good feed intake, and chronic bovine besnoitiosis-associated laminitis leading to non-healing sole ulcers. The cows also had high reciprocal IFAT titers and high loads of parasite DNA in skin samples. Two heifers developed a mild clinical course characterized by few parasitic cysts visible in the scleral conjunctivae and vestibula vaginae. Both heifers became infected during the time of high insect activity of the species Musca domestica, Musca autumnalis, Haematobia irritans, and Stomoxys calcitrans. When a third heifer became subclinically infected, low insect activity was recorded. None of the six control heifers contracted a B. besnoiti infection. In chronic besnoitiosis, the severe clinical course apparently corresponded with high reciprocal IFAT titers and high loads of parasite DNA in skin, whereas mild and subclinical cases displayed lower values. Bovine besnoitiosis-associated laminitis represents an important complication in severe chronic disease which severely impairs animal welfare.
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         Natural infection
         Acute disease
         Chronic disease
         Laminitis
         Veterinary Medicine/Veterinary Science
         Zoology
         Transgenics
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      name:Gereon Schares
      affiliation:
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               name:Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
               type:PostalAddress
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      affiliation:
            name:Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen
            address:
               name:Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
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      name:Rammingen, Germany
      name:Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Institute of Epidemiology, Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany
      name:Institute of Veterinary Pathology at the Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany

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