We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12915-015-0183-8.

Title:
GDF-5 can act as a context-dependent BMP-2 antagonist | BMC Biology
Description:
Background Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2 and growth and differentiation factor (GDF)-5 are two related transforming growth factor (TGF)-β family members with important functions in embryonic development and tissue homeostasis. BMP-2 is best known for its osteoinductive properties whereas GDF-5—as evident from its alternative name, cartilage derived morphogenetic protein 1—plays an important role in the formation of cartilage. In spite of these differences both factors signal by binding to the same subset of BMP receptors, raising the question how these different functionalities are generated. The largest difference in receptor binding is observed in the interaction with the type I receptor BMPR-IA. GDF-5, in contrast to BMP-2, shows preferential binding to the isoform BMPR-IB, which is abrogated by a single amino acid (A57R) substitution. The resulting variant, GDF-5 R57A, represents a “BMP-2 mimic” with respect to BMP receptor binding. In this study we thus wanted to analyze whether the two growth factors can induce distinct signals via an identically composed receptor. Results Unexpectedly and dependent on the cellular context, GDF-5 R57A showed clear differences in its activity compared to BMP-2. In ATDC-5 cells, both ligands induced alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression with similar potency. But in C2C12 cells, the BMP-2 mimic GDF-5 R57A (and also wild-type GDF-5) clearly antagonized BMP-2-mediated ALP expression, despite signaling in both cell lines occurring solely via BMPR-IA. The BMP-2- antagonizing properties of GDF-5 and GDF-5 R57A could also be observed in vivo when implanting BMP-2 and either one of the two GDF-5 ligands simultaneously at heterotopic sites. Conclusions Although comparison of the crystal structures of the GDF-5 R57A:BMPR-IAEC- and BMP-2:BMPR-IAEC complex revealed small ligand-specific differences, these cannot account for the different signaling characteristics because the complexes seem identical in both differently reacting cell lines. We thus predict an additional component, most likely a not yet identified GDF-5-specific co-receptor, which alters the output of the signaling complexes. Hence the presence or absence of this component then switches GDF-5′s signaling capabilities to act either similar to BMP-2 or as a BMP-2 antagonist. These findings might shed new light on the role of GDF-5, e.g., in cartilage maintenance and/or limb development in that it might act as an inhibitor of signaling events initiated by other BMPs.
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Keywords {🔍}

gdf, bmp, receptor, bmpria, article, pubmed, type, google, scholar, cas, bone, complex, cells, signaling, binding, bound, receptors, cell, alp, fig, additional, protein, ligands, expression, formation, data, atdc, structure, similar, file, biol, ligand, growth, observed, complexes, differences, morphogenetic, proteins, table, bmprib, activity, activation, properties, joint, molecules, bmpriaec, residues, experiments, site, analysis,

Topics {✒️}

theodor-boveri-institut für biowissenschaften c-jun-nh2-terminal kinase tgf-beta signalling julius-von-sachs- platz 2 anti-chondrogenic/osteogenic stimuli caused full size image bmp/tgf-β pseudo-receptors bmp/gdf-signalling interactions transforming growth factor tgf-beta signal transduction time-dependent ligand-induced smad tgf-beta gene family cartilage-derived morphogenetic protein-1 air-sealed sterile container neutralizing bmpr-ia antibody article download pdf tgf-beta signals vg1 clear dose-dependent manner tβr-iii expression plasmid 256-bit gray-scale images anna schliermann tgf-β members derive receptor mediating bmp-2-induced bmpr-ia molecules swiveled full-length receptor signaling ligand-induced signal transduction individually fine-balanced equilibrium tgf beta-superfamily tgf-β ligand present half-maximal inhibitory concentrations specific pre-myoblastic properties ligand-induced alp expression bmpr-ia molecules yielded human growth hormone dose-dependent activity distinct bmpr-1a die early bmpr-ia ectodomain differs gel documentation system ligand–receptor interactions arising cell type-dependent manner bmpr-1a transcripts showed bmpr-iaec complex belongs receptor bmpr-ia adopts bmpr-ia structures overlap magenta line bmpr-ia spontaneous α-helix formation recent structural/functional analyses ligand-induced receptor dimerization bone morphogenetic protein bone morphogenetic protein-2

Questions {❓}

Could one of the members of the RGM family therefore represent the sought-after GDF-5 co-receptor?
What potential mechanisms could then lead to cell type-specific and ligand-specific signaling differences for GDF-5 and enable GDF-5 to act as a context-dependent antagonist against BMP-2?
Will any dimer do?

Schema {🗺️}

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         Antagonist
         Crystal structure
         Growth and differentiation factor 5
         Ligand-receptor complex
         Life Sciences
         general
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            address:
               name:Lehrstuhl für molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, Julius-von- Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      name:Anna Schliermann
      affiliation:
            name:Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
            address:
               name:Lehrstuhl für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      name:Werner Schmitz
      affiliation:
            name:Universität Würzburg
            address:
               name:Lehrstuhl für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      name:Alexander C. Kuebler
      affiliation:
            name:Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
            address:
               name:Lehrstuhl für Mund-, Kiefer- und plastische Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      name:Walter Sebald
      affiliation:
            name:Universität Würzburg
            address:
               name:Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      name:Joachim Nickel
      affiliation:
            name:Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
            address:
               name:Lehrstuhl für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
            name:Fraunhofer-Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB, Translationszentrum »Regenerative Therapien für Krebs- und Muskuloskelettale Erkrankungen« – Institutsteil Würzburg
            address:
               name:Fraunhofer-Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB, Translationszentrum »Regenerative Therapien für Krebs- und Muskuloskelettale Erkrankungen« – Institutsteil Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      email:[email protected]
PostalAddress:
      name:Lehrstuhl für Mund-, Kiefer- und plastische Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
      name:Lehrstuhl für molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, Julius-von- Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
      name:Lehrstuhl für molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, Julius-von- Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
      name:Lehrstuhl für Mund-, Kiefer- und plastische Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
      name:Lehrstuhl für molekulare Pflanzenphysiologie und Biophysik, Julius-von- Sachs-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
      name:Lehrstuhl für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
      name:Lehrstuhl für Biochemie und Molekularbiologie, Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
      name:Lehrstuhl für Mund-, Kiefer- und plastische Gesichtschirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
      name:Lehrstuhl für Physiologische Chemie II, Theodor-Boveri-Institut für Biowissenschaften, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
      name:Lehrstuhl für Tissue Engineering und Regenerative Medizin, Universitätsklinikum Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
      name:Fraunhofer-Institut für Grenzflächen- und Bioverfahrenstechnik IGB, Translationszentrum »Regenerative Therapien für Krebs- und Muskuloskelettale Erkrankungen« – Institutsteil Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany

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