We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/jbiol10.

Title:
The phosphatidylserine receptor has essential functions during embryogenesis but not in apoptotic cell removal | Journal of Biology
Description:
Background Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is fundamental to animal development, immune function and cellular homeostasis. The phosphatidylserine receptor (Ptdsr) on phagocytes has been implicated in the recognition and engulfment of apoptotic cells and in anti-inflammatory signaling. To determine the biological function of the phosphatidylserine receptor in vivo, we inactivated the Ptdsr gene in the mouse. Results Ablation of Ptdsr function in mice causes perinatal lethality, growth retardation and a delay in terminal differentiation of the kidney, intestine, liver and lungs during embryogenesis. Moreover, eye development can be severely disturbed, ranging from defects in retinal differentiation to complete unilateral or bilateral absence of eyes. Ptdsr -/- mice with anophthalmia develop novel lesions, with induction of ectopic retinal-pigmented epithelium in nasal cavities. A comprehensive investigation of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that engulfment of apoptotic cells was normal in Ptdsr knockout mice, but Ptdsr-deficient macrophages were impaired in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine signaling after stimulation with apoptotic cells or with lipopolysaccharide. Conclusion Ptdsr is essential for the development and differentiation of multiple organs during embryogenesis but not for apoptotic cell removal. Ptdsr may thus have a novel, unexpected developmental function as an important differentiation-promoting gene. Moreover, Ptdsr is not required for apoptotic cell clearance by macrophages but seems to be necessary for the regulation of macrophage cytokine responses. These results clearly contradict the current view that the phosphatidylserine receptor primarily functions in apoptotic cell clearance.
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ptdsr, cells, apoptotic, mice, cell, embryos, figure, macrophages, pubmed, article, wildtype, development, google, scholar, cas, analysis, clearance, differentiation, phagocytosis, receptor, ptdsrdeficient, expression, phosphatidylserine, observed, apoptosis, number, data, normal, ptdsrknockout, lung, engulfment, retinal, tissue, death, mutant, embryogenesis, mouse, eye, developing, recognition, gene, results, sections, found, homozygous, tissues, differences, lungs, defects, macrophage,

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bacterial artificial chromosome β-geo gene-trap vector mount β-galactosidase staining isogenic c57bl/6j background wilcoxon-signed rank test oncogene-expressing mammary acini es-cell clones resistant intensive β-galactosidase staining mutant gene-trap allele crkii/dock180/rac pathway tumor necrosis factor-α es-cell line carrying pure c57bl/6j background kpni-linearized targeting vector obtain ptdsr-deficient progeny article download pdf neomycin-selection cassette full-length ptdsr cdna release immune-suppressive cytokines phosphatidylserine-dependent β2-glycoprotein confirm germ-line transmission sds-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis specific pathogen-free environment single es-cell line selected es-cell clones ptdsr gene-targeting strategy anti-inflammatory cytokine signaling ectopic retinal-pigmented epithelium ptdsr-deficient mouse lines mfg-e8-deficient mice macrophageless sfpi1-knockout embryos bmc cell biol lps-induced tnf-α release central mantle layer x-gal-stained embryos thioglycollate-elicited peritoneal macrophages mutant embryo release anti-inflammatory cytokines cell-corpse engulfment pathways coding exons i-vi germ-line chimeras tunel-positive cell corpses ptdsr-deficient homozygous embryos authors’ original file unphagocytosed tunel-positive cells ptdsr-deficient homozygotes gave β-galactosidase staining fetal-liver-derived macrophages fetal liver-derived macrophages ptdsr-knockout mice die

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Henson PM, Bratton DL, Fadok VA: The phosphatidylserine receptor: a crucial molecular switch?

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WebPage:
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         headline:The phosphatidylserine receptor has essential functions during embryogenesis but not in apoptotic cell removal
         description:Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is fundamental to animal development, immune function and cellular homeostasis. The phosphatidylserine receptor (Ptdsr) on phagocytes has been implicated in the recognition and engulfment of apoptotic cells and in anti-inflammatory signaling. To determine the biological function of the phosphatidylserine receptor in vivo, we inactivated the Ptdsr gene in the mouse. Ablation of Ptdsr function in mice causes perinatal lethality, growth retardation and a delay in terminal differentiation of the kidney, intestine, liver and lungs during embryogenesis. Moreover, eye development can be severely disturbed, ranging from defects in retinal differentiation to complete unilateral or bilateral absence of eyes. Ptdsr -/- mice with anophthalmia develop novel lesions, with induction of ectopic retinal-pigmented epithelium in nasal cavities. A comprehensive investigation of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that engulfment of apoptotic cells was normal in Ptdsr knockout mice, but Ptdsr-deficient macrophages were impaired in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine signaling after stimulation with apoptotic cells or with lipopolysaccharide. Ptdsr is essential for the development and differentiation of multiple organs during embryogenesis but not for apoptotic cell removal. Ptdsr may thus have a novel, unexpected developmental function as an important differentiation-promoting gene. Moreover, Ptdsr is not required for apoptotic cell clearance by macrophages but seems to be necessary for the regulation of macrophage cytokine responses. These results clearly contradict the current view that the phosphatidylserine receptor primarily functions in apoptotic cell clearance.
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            Bacterial Artificial Chromosome
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            Homozygous Embryo
            Life Sciences
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      headline:The phosphatidylserine receptor has essential functions during embryogenesis but not in apoptotic cell removal
      description:Phagocytosis of apoptotic cells is fundamental to animal development, immune function and cellular homeostasis. The phosphatidylserine receptor (Ptdsr) on phagocytes has been implicated in the recognition and engulfment of apoptotic cells and in anti-inflammatory signaling. To determine the biological function of the phosphatidylserine receptor in vivo, we inactivated the Ptdsr gene in the mouse. Ablation of Ptdsr function in mice causes perinatal lethality, growth retardation and a delay in terminal differentiation of the kidney, intestine, liver and lungs during embryogenesis. Moreover, eye development can be severely disturbed, ranging from defects in retinal differentiation to complete unilateral or bilateral absence of eyes. Ptdsr -/- mice with anophthalmia develop novel lesions, with induction of ectopic retinal-pigmented epithelium in nasal cavities. A comprehensive investigation of apoptotic cell clearance in vivo and in vitro demonstrated that engulfment of apoptotic cells was normal in Ptdsr knockout mice, but Ptdsr-deficient macrophages were impaired in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine signaling after stimulation with apoptotic cells or with lipopolysaccharide. Ptdsr is essential for the development and differentiation of multiple organs during embryogenesis but not for apoptotic cell removal. Ptdsr may thus have a novel, unexpected developmental function as an important differentiation-promoting gene. Moreover, Ptdsr is not required for apoptotic cell clearance by macrophages but seems to be necessary for the regulation of macrophage cytokine responses. These results clearly contradict the current view that the phosphatidylserine receptor primarily functions in apoptotic cell clearance.
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         Bacterial Artificial Chromosome
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         Homozygous Embryo
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      name:Junior Research Group Infection Genetics, German Research Center for Biotechnology (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany
      name:Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
      name:Junior Research Group Infection Genetics, German Research Center for Biotechnology (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany
      name:Junior Research Group Infection Genetics, German Research Center for Biotechnology (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany
      name:Junior Research Group Infection Genetics, German Research Center for Biotechnology (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany
      name:Department of Experimental Immunology, German Research Center for Biotechnology (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany
      name:Ozgene Pty. Ltd., Canning Vale, Australia
      name:Ozgene Pty. Ltd., Canning Vale, Australia
      name:Junior Research Group Infection Genetics, German Research Center for Biotechnology (GBF), Braunschweig, Germany

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