We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1743-8454-7-1.

Title:
The regulation of brain states by neuroactive substances distributed via the cerebrospinal fluid; a review | Fluids and Barriers of the CNS
Description:
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system provides nutrients to and removes waste products from the brain. Recent findings suggest, however, that in addition, the CSF contains message molecules in the form of actively released neuroactive substances. The concentrations of these vary between locations, suggesting they are important for the changes in brain activity that underlie different brain states, and induce different sensory input and behavioral output relationships. The cranial CSF displays a rapid caudally-directed ventricular flow followed by a slower rostrally-directed subarachnoid flow (mainly towards the cribriform plate and from there into the nasal lymphatics). Thus, many brain areas are exposed to and can be influenced by substances contained in the CSF. In this review we discuss the production and flow of the CSF, including the mechanisms involved in the regulation of its composition. In addition, the available evidence for the release of neuropeptides and other neuroactive substances into the CSF is reviewed, with particular attention to the selective effects of these on distant downstream receptive brain areas. As a conclusion we suggest that (1) the flowing CSF is involved in more than just nutrient and waste control, but is also used as a broadcasting system consisting of coordinated messages to a variety of nearby and distant brain areas; (2) this special form of volume transmission underlies changes in behavioral states.
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28 years and 1 months (reg. 1997-05-29).

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Keywords {🔍}

csf, google, scholar, pubmed, brain, cas, fluid, cerebrospinal, flow, system, res, central, ventricular, rat, mechanisms, areas, neurons, ventricle, release, effects, specific, spinal, substances, subarachnoid, diffusion, behavioral, ecf, space, ependymal, messages, nucleus, hypothalamic, physiol, involved, evidence, cord, hormone, gnrh, neuropeptides, transmission, fiber, distribution, cells, human, communication, role, observed, oxytocin, addition, released,

Topics {✒️}

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Questions {❓}

Bittencourt JC, Sawchenko PE: Do centrally administered neuropeptides access cognate receptors?
Schwartz-Giblin S, McCarthy MM: A sexual column in the PAG?
Skinner DC, Caraty A, Evans NP: Does gonadotropin-releasing hormone in the cerebrospinal fluid modulate luteinizing hormone release?
The question that remains is: what are the functional significances and the specific contributions of such relatively uncontrolled and broad-spectrum CSF-release systems, in addition to precisely targeted synaptic or more diffuse non-synaptic release mechanisms?
Vigh B, Manzano e Silva MJ, Frank CL, David C, Czirok SJ, Vincze C, Racz G, Lukats A, Szel A: The circumventricular organs of the brain: do they represent a cerebrospinal fluid-dependent regulatory system?

Schema {🗺️}

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         headline:The regulation of brain states by neuroactive substances distributed via the cerebrospinal fluid; a review
         description:The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system provides nutrients to and removes waste products from the brain. Recent findings suggest, however, that in addition, the CSF contains message molecules in the form of actively released neuroactive substances. The concentrations of these vary between locations, suggesting they are important for the changes in brain activity that underlie different brain states, and induce different sensory input and behavioral output relationships. The cranial CSF displays a rapid caudally-directed ventricular flow followed by a slower rostrally-directed subarachnoid flow (mainly towards the cribriform plate and from there into the nasal lymphatics). Thus, many brain areas are exposed to and can be influenced by substances contained in the CSF. In this review we discuss the production and flow of the CSF, including the mechanisms involved in the regulation of its composition. In addition, the available evidence for the release of neuropeptides and other neuroactive substances into the CSF is reviewed, with particular attention to the selective effects of these on distant downstream receptive brain areas. As a conclusion we suggest that (1) the flowing CSF is involved in more than just nutrient and waste control, but is also used as a broadcasting system consisting of coordinated messages to a variety of nearby and distant brain areas; (2) this special form of volume transmission underlies changes in behavioral states.
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      headline:The regulation of brain states by neuroactive substances distributed via the cerebrospinal fluid; a review
      description:The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system provides nutrients to and removes waste products from the brain. Recent findings suggest, however, that in addition, the CSF contains message molecules in the form of actively released neuroactive substances. The concentrations of these vary between locations, suggesting they are important for the changes in brain activity that underlie different brain states, and induce different sensory input and behavioral output relationships. The cranial CSF displays a rapid caudally-directed ventricular flow followed by a slower rostrally-directed subarachnoid flow (mainly towards the cribriform plate and from there into the nasal lymphatics). Thus, many brain areas are exposed to and can be influenced by substances contained in the CSF. In this review we discuss the production and flow of the CSF, including the mechanisms involved in the regulation of its composition. In addition, the available evidence for the release of neuropeptides and other neuroactive substances into the CSF is reviewed, with particular attention to the selective effects of these on distant downstream receptive brain areas. As a conclusion we suggest that (1) the flowing CSF is involved in more than just nutrient and waste control, but is also used as a broadcasting system consisting of coordinated messages to a variety of nearby and distant brain areas; (2) this special form of volume transmission underlies changes in behavioral states.
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         Subarachnoid Space
         Fourth Ventricle
         Corticotrophin Release Factor
         Ependymal Cell
         Neurosciences
         Hematology
         Neurobiology
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      name:Dept of Psychopharmacology, UIPS, Univ of Utrecht, the Netherlands
      name:Fac of Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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