We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/1471-2148-12-53.

Title:
The evolution of Dscamgenes across the arthropods | BMC Ecology and Evolution
Description:
Background One way of creating phenotypic diversity is through alternative splicing of precursor mRNAs. A gene that has evolved a hypervariable form is Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam-hv), which in Drosophila melanogaster can produce thousands of isoforms via mutually exclusive alternative splicing. The extracellular region of this protein is encoded by three variable exon clusters, each containing multiple exon variants. The protein is vital for neuronal wiring where the extreme variability at the somatic level is required for axonal guidance, and it plays a role in immunity where the variability has been hypothesised to relate to recognition of different antigens. Dscam-hv has been found across the Pancrustacea. Additionally, three paralogous non-hypervariable Dscam-like genes have also been described for D. melanogaster. Here we took a bioinformatics approach, building profile Hidden Markov Models to search across species for putative orthologs to the Dscam genes and for hypervariable alternatively spliced exons, and inferring the phylogenetic relationships among them. Our aims were to examine whether Dscam orthologs exist outside the Bilateria, whether the origin of Dscam-hv could lie outside the Pancrustacea, when the Dscam-like orthologs arose, how many alternatively spliced exons of each exon cluster were present in the most common recent ancestor, and how these clusters evolved. Results Our results suggest that the origin of Dscam genes may lie after the split between the Cnidaria and the Bilateria and supports the hypothesis that Dscam-hv originated in the common ancestor of the Pancrustacea. Our phylogeny of Dscam gene family members shows six well-supported clades: five containing Dscam-like genes and one containing all the Dscam-hv genes, a seventh clade contains arachnid putative Dscam genes. Furthermore, the exon clusters appear to have experienced different evolutionary histories. Conclusions Dscam genes have undergone independent duplication events in the insects and in an arachnid genome, which adds to the more well-known tandem duplications that have taken place within Dscam-hv genes. Therefore, two forms of gene expansion seem to be active within this gene family. The evolutionary history of this dynamic gene family will be further unfolded as genomes of species from more disparate groups become available.
Website Age:
28 years and 1 months (reg. 1997-05-29).

Matching Content Categories {📚}

Science
Education
Animals & Wildlife

Content Management System {📝}

What CMS is link.springer.com built with?

Custom-built

No common CMS systems were detected on Link.springer.com, and no known web development framework was identified.

Traffic Estimate {📈}

What is the average monthly size of link.springer.com audience?

🌠 Phenomenal Traffic: 5M - 10M visitors per month

Based on our best estimate, this website will receive around 5,000,019 visitors per month in the current month.
However, some sources were not loaded, we suggest to reload the page to get complete results.

check SE Ranking
check Ahrefs
check Similarweb
check Ubersuggest
check Semrush

How Does Link.springer.com Make Money? {💸}

We see no obvious way the site makes money.

Earning money isn't the goal of every website; some are designed to offer support or promote social causes. People have different reasons for creating websites. This might be one such reason. Link.springer.com might have a hidden revenue stream, but it's not something we can detect.

Keywords {🔍}

dscam, pubmed, article, genes, additional, google, scholar, exons, dscamhv, file, exon, gene, cas, dscamlike, genome, hmms, figure, sequences, putative, melanogaster, phylogeny, sequence, species, scapularis, variants, orthologs, phylogenetic, evolution, protein, insects, alignment, alternative, relationships, central, family, drosophila, alternatively, shown, hypervariable, spliced, tree, biol, doc, arthropods, number, files, nature, moesmesmdoc, clades, genomes,

Topics {✒️}

putative dscam-hvand dscam-likegenes dscam-hv transcript/protein repertoire amino-acid replacement process article download pdf membrane-bound shrimp dscam han-ching wang kc 4 ma [dscam2/dscam3/dscam4/dscam-hv] joachim kurtz & ignacio elegans sequencing consortium gene-duplication evolution presented sophie ao armitage duplicated dscam-hv genes dscam-hv genomic dna shaped dscam-hv evolution bacteria-induced dscam isoforms putative dscam-hv genes hypervariable dscam-hv gene privacy choices/manage cookies invertebrate antigen receptor human body louse extraordinary binding specificity ancestral dscam-hv genes dscam-hv protein structure hidden markov models amino acid preferences bmc evol biol dscam-hv exon clusters hidden markov model mori dscam-hv gene de l' hospitalet olfactory receptor neurons biomed central constructing alternative topologies grey numbers show amino acid alignment article armitage mosquito anopheles gambiae ixodes genome project dscam splicing diversity dscam-hv genes form matthews bj related subjects higher-level crustacean phylogeny commissural axon pathfinding black dashes show dscam-related genes present alternatively spliced regions chelicerate-specific burst cell adhesion molecule alternatively spliced exons

Questions {❓}

Eddy SR: What is a hidden Markov model?
In particular, is it possible to reconstruct how many alternatively spliced exons of each exon cluster were present at the base of the Pancrustacea and the Insecta, and did the three exon clusters evolved similarly?
Melanogaster, and therefore also at what point the Dscam gene family diversified: were the three Dscam-like genes already present in the common ancestor of the holometabolous insects, of all insects, or of the pancrustaceans?

Schema {🗺️}

WebPage:
      mainEntity:
         headline:The evolution of Dscamgenes across the arthropods
         description:One way of creating phenotypic diversity is through alternative splicing of precursor mRNAs. A gene that has evolved a hypervariable form is Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam-hv), which in Drosophila melanogaster can produce thousands of isoforms via mutually exclusive alternative splicing. The extracellular region of this protein is encoded by three variable exon clusters, each containing multiple exon variants. The protein is vital for neuronal wiring where the extreme variability at the somatic level is required for axonal guidance, and it plays a role in immunity where the variability has been hypothesised to relate to recognition of different antigens. Dscam-hv has been found across the Pancrustacea. Additionally, three paralogous non-hypervariable Dscam-like genes have also been described for D. melanogaster. Here we took a bioinformatics approach, building profile Hidden Markov Models to search across species for putative orthologs to the Dscam genes and for hypervariable alternatively spliced exons, and inferring the phylogenetic relationships among them. Our aims were to examine whether Dscam orthologs exist outside the Bilateria, whether the origin of Dscam-hv could lie outside the Pancrustacea, when the Dscam-like orthologs arose, how many alternatively spliced exons of each exon cluster were present in the most common recent ancestor, and how these clusters evolved. Our results suggest that the origin of Dscam genes may lie after the split between the Cnidaria and the Bilateria and supports the hypothesis that Dscam-hv originated in the common ancestor of the Pancrustacea. Our phylogeny of Dscam gene family members shows six well-supported clades: five containing Dscam-like genes and one containing all the Dscam-hv genes, a seventh clade contains arachnid putative Dscam genes. Furthermore, the exon clusters appear to have experienced different evolutionary histories. Dscam genes have undergone independent duplication events in the insects and in an arachnid genome, which adds to the more well-known tandem duplications that have taken place within Dscam-hv genes. Therefore, two forms of gene expansion seem to be active within this gene family. The evolutionary history of this dynamic gene family will be further unfolded as genomes of species from more disparate groups become available.
         datePublished:2012-04-13T00:00:00Z
         dateModified:2012-04-13T00:00:00Z
         pageStart:1
         pageEnd:15
         license:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
         sameAs:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-53
         keywords:
            Alternative splicing
             Dscam-like
            Gene duplication
            Ortholog
            Co-ortholog
            Paralog
            Evolutionary Biology
            Animal Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography
            Entomology
            Genetics and Population Dynamics
            Life Sciences
            general
         image:
            https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1471-2148-12-53/MediaObjects/12862_2011_Article_2027_Fig1_HTML.jpg
            https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1471-2148-12-53/MediaObjects/12862_2011_Article_2027_Fig2_HTML.jpg
            https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1471-2148-12-53/MediaObjects/12862_2011_Article_2027_Fig3_HTML.jpg
            https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1471-2148-12-53/MediaObjects/12862_2011_Article_2027_Fig4_HTML.jpg
            https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1471-2148-12-53/MediaObjects/12862_2011_Article_2027_Fig5_HTML.jpg
         isPartOf:
            name:BMC Evolutionary Biology
            issn:
               1471-2148
            volumeNumber:12
            type:
               Periodical
               PublicationVolume
         publisher:
            name:BioMed Central
            logo:
               url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
               type:ImageObject
            type:Organization
         author:
               name:Sophie AO Armitage
               affiliation:
                     name:University of Münster
                     address:
                        name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
                        type:PostalAddress
                     type:Organization
               email:[email protected]
               type:Person
               name:Rebecca Y Freiburg
               affiliation:
                     name:University of Münster
                     address:
                        name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
                        type:PostalAddress
                     type:Organization
               type:Person
               name:Joachim Kurtz
               affiliation:
                     name:University of Münster
                     address:
                        name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
                        type:PostalAddress
                     type:Organization
               type:Person
               name:Ignacio G Bravo
               affiliation:
                     name:University of Münster
                     address:
                        name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
                        type:PostalAddress
                     type:Organization
                     name:Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Gran Via de L' Hospitalet
                     address:
                        name:Unit of Infections and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Gran Via de L' Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
                        type:PostalAddress
                     type:Organization
               type:Person
         isAccessibleForFree:1
         type:ScholarlyArticle
      context:https://schema.org
ScholarlyArticle:
      headline:The evolution of Dscamgenes across the arthropods
      description:One way of creating phenotypic diversity is through alternative splicing of precursor mRNAs. A gene that has evolved a hypervariable form is Down syndrome cell adhesion molecule (Dscam-hv), which in Drosophila melanogaster can produce thousands of isoforms via mutually exclusive alternative splicing. The extracellular region of this protein is encoded by three variable exon clusters, each containing multiple exon variants. The protein is vital for neuronal wiring where the extreme variability at the somatic level is required for axonal guidance, and it plays a role in immunity where the variability has been hypothesised to relate to recognition of different antigens. Dscam-hv has been found across the Pancrustacea. Additionally, three paralogous non-hypervariable Dscam-like genes have also been described for D. melanogaster. Here we took a bioinformatics approach, building profile Hidden Markov Models to search across species for putative orthologs to the Dscam genes and for hypervariable alternatively spliced exons, and inferring the phylogenetic relationships among them. Our aims were to examine whether Dscam orthologs exist outside the Bilateria, whether the origin of Dscam-hv could lie outside the Pancrustacea, when the Dscam-like orthologs arose, how many alternatively spliced exons of each exon cluster were present in the most common recent ancestor, and how these clusters evolved. Our results suggest that the origin of Dscam genes may lie after the split between the Cnidaria and the Bilateria and supports the hypothesis that Dscam-hv originated in the common ancestor of the Pancrustacea. Our phylogeny of Dscam gene family members shows six well-supported clades: five containing Dscam-like genes and one containing all the Dscam-hv genes, a seventh clade contains arachnid putative Dscam genes. Furthermore, the exon clusters appear to have experienced different evolutionary histories. Dscam genes have undergone independent duplication events in the insects and in an arachnid genome, which adds to the more well-known tandem duplications that have taken place within Dscam-hv genes. Therefore, two forms of gene expansion seem to be active within this gene family. The evolutionary history of this dynamic gene family will be further unfolded as genomes of species from more disparate groups become available.
      datePublished:2012-04-13T00:00:00Z
      dateModified:2012-04-13T00:00:00Z
      pageStart:1
      pageEnd:15
      license:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0
      sameAs:https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-53
      keywords:
         Alternative splicing
          Dscam-like
         Gene duplication
         Ortholog
         Co-ortholog
         Paralog
         Evolutionary Biology
         Animal Systematics/Taxonomy/Biogeography
         Entomology
         Genetics and Population Dynamics
         Life Sciences
         general
      image:
         https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1471-2148-12-53/MediaObjects/12862_2011_Article_2027_Fig1_HTML.jpg
         https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1471-2148-12-53/MediaObjects/12862_2011_Article_2027_Fig2_HTML.jpg
         https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1471-2148-12-53/MediaObjects/12862_2011_Article_2027_Fig3_HTML.jpg
         https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1471-2148-12-53/MediaObjects/12862_2011_Article_2027_Fig4_HTML.jpg
         https://media.springernature.com/lw1200/springer-static/image/art%3A10.1186%2F1471-2148-12-53/MediaObjects/12862_2011_Article_2027_Fig5_HTML.jpg
      isPartOf:
         name:BMC Evolutionary Biology
         issn:
            1471-2148
         volumeNumber:12
         type:
            Periodical
            PublicationVolume
      publisher:
         name:BioMed Central
         logo:
            url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
            type:ImageObject
         type:Organization
      author:
            name:Sophie AO Armitage
            affiliation:
                  name:University of Münster
                  address:
                     name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
            email:[email protected]
            type:Person
            name:Rebecca Y Freiburg
            affiliation:
                  name:University of Münster
                  address:
                     name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
            type:Person
            name:Joachim Kurtz
            affiliation:
                  name:University of Münster
                  address:
                     name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
            type:Person
            name:Ignacio G Bravo
            affiliation:
                  name:University of Münster
                  address:
                     name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
                  name:Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Gran Via de L' Hospitalet
                  address:
                     name:Unit of Infections and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Gran Via de L' Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
            type:Person
      isAccessibleForFree:1
["Periodical","PublicationVolume"]:
      name:BMC Evolutionary Biology
      issn:
         1471-2148
      volumeNumber:12
Organization:
      name:BioMed Central
      logo:
         url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
         type:ImageObject
      name:University of Münster
      address:
         name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
         type:PostalAddress
      name:University of Münster
      address:
         name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
         type:PostalAddress
      name:University of Münster
      address:
         name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
         type:PostalAddress
      name:University of Münster
      address:
         name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
         type:PostalAddress
      name:Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Gran Via de L' Hospitalet
      address:
         name:Unit of Infections and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Gran Via de L' Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
         type:PostalAddress
ImageObject:
      url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
Person:
      name:Sophie AO Armitage
      affiliation:
            name:University of Münster
            address:
               name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      email:[email protected]
      name:Rebecca Y Freiburg
      affiliation:
            name:University of Münster
            address:
               name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      name:Joachim Kurtz
      affiliation:
            name:University of Münster
            address:
               name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      name:Ignacio G Bravo
      affiliation:
            name:University of Münster
            address:
               name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
            name:Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Gran Via de L' Hospitalet
            address:
               name:Unit of Infections and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Gran Via de L' Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
PostalAddress:
      name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
      name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
      name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
      name:Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
      name:Unit of Infections and Cancer, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Gran Via de L' Hospitalet, Barcelona, Spain

External Links {🔗}(334)

Analytics and Tracking {📊}

Google Tag Manager

Libraries {📚}

Clipboard.js
Prism.js

CDN Services {📦}

Crossref

4.85s.

LINK . SPRINGER . COM {}