We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11481-018-9784-7.

Title:
Role of Exosomes in Human Retroviral Mediated Disorders | Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology
Description:
Retroviruses comprise an ancient and varied group of viruses with the unique ability to integrate DNA from an RNA transcript into the genome, a subset of which are able to integrate in humans. The timing of these integrations during human history has dictated whether these viruses have remained exogenous and given rise to various human diseases or have become inseparable from the host genome (endogenous retroviruses). Given the ability of retroviruses to integrate into the host and subsequently co-opt host cellular process for viral propagation, retroviruses have been shown to be closely associated with several cellular processes including exosome formation. Exosomes are 30-150 nm unilamellar extracellular vesicles that originate from intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that form in the endosomal compartment. Exosomes have been shown to be important in intercellular communication and immune cell function. Almost every cell type studied has been shown to produce these types of vesicles, with the cell type dictating the contents, which include proteins, mRNA, and miRNAs. Importantly, recent evidence has shown that infection by viruses, including retroviruses, alter the contents and subsequent function of produced exosomes. In this review, we will discuss the important retroviruses associated with human health and disease. Furthermore, we will delve into the impact of exosome formation and manipulation by integrated retroviruses on human health, survival, and human retroviral disease pathogenesis.
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pubmed, article, google, scholar, cas, central, human, exosomes, retroviruses, endogenous, biol, cells, hiv, cell, type, virus, httpsdoiorg, vesicles, disease, viral, extracellular, kashanchi, htlv, exosome, tax, protein, immunol, role, jacobson, viruses, retrovirus, nat, sclerosis, virol, plos, van, multiple, function, retroviral, anderson, diseases, proteins, sci, secretion, chem, res, cancer, infection, httpsdoiorgjbcm, tcell,

Topics {✒️}

month download article/chapter myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis syndecan-syntenin-alix exosome pathway retrovirus-mediated gene transfer effector t-cell function polyethylene glycol-based method syndecan-syntenin-alix regulates tetraspanin-enriched microdomains reveals extracellular vesicle formation lymphotropic virus type v-snare proteins involved meckes dg jr hnrnp a2/b1 spliceoforms virus-induced neuroinflammatory disease full article pdf nf-kappab activation villarroya-beltri plasma membrane anchors autophagy/multivesicular body pathways related subjects article anderson cell type studied cell type dictating bangham crm martinez-herrera dj activating viral transcription de ruiter pe virus-induced dysfunction htlv-1 gene expression privacy choices/manage cookies columba-cabezas sundquist wi family elements reactivated sampey gc human endogenous retrovirus human endogenous retrovirus de castro ro htlv tax proteins exosome-mediated transmission trans-activating response santana de aguiar human retroviral infections endogenous retrovirus antigens neuro-pharmacological research da silva ezm da silva-januário retroviral dna integration influenza virus replication national research committee transactivator protein tax

Questions {❓}

Downey RF, Sullivan FJ, Wang-Johanning F, Ambs S, Giles FJ, Glynn SA (2015) Human endogenous retrovirus K and cancer: innocent bystander or tumorigenic accomplice?
Izquierdo-Useros N, Puertas MC, Borras FE, Blanco J, Martinez-Picado J (2011) Exosomes and retroviruses: the chicken or the egg?
Lezin A, Olindo S, Olière S, Varrin-Doyer M, Marlin R, Cabre P, Smadja D, Cesaire R (2005) Human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I) proviral load in cerebrospinal fluid: a new criterion for the diagnosis of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis?
Nexo BA et al (2016) Are human endogenous retroviruses triggers of autoimmune diseases?
Potgens AJ, Drewlo S, Kokozidou M, Kaufmann P (2004) Syncytin: the major regulator of trophoblast fusion?

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         description:Retroviruses comprise an ancient and varied group of viruses with the unique ability to integrate DNA from an RNA transcript into the genome, a subset of which are able to integrate in humans. The timing of these integrations during human history has dictated whether these viruses have remained exogenous and given rise to various human diseases or have become inseparable from the host genome (endogenous retroviruses). Given the ability of retroviruses to integrate into the host and subsequently co-opt host cellular process for viral propagation, retroviruses have been shown to be closely associated with several cellular processes including exosome formation. Exosomes are 30-150 nm unilamellar extracellular vesicles that originate from intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) that form in the endosomal compartment. Exosomes have been shown to be important in intercellular communication and immune cell function. Almost every cell type studied has been shown to produce these types of vesicles, with the cell type dictating the contents, which include proteins, mRNA, and miRNAs. Importantly, recent evidence has shown that infection by viruses, including retroviruses, alter the contents and subsequent function of produced exosomes. In this review, we will discuss the important retroviruses associated with human health and disease. Furthermore, we will delve into the impact of exosome formation and manipulation by integrated retroviruses on human health, survival, and human retroviral disease pathogenesis.
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         Endosomal sorting complexes required fro transport (ESCRT)
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         Immunology
         Pharmacology/Toxicology
         Virology
         Cell Biology
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