We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00428-013-1522-1.

Title:
Testicular cancer: biology and biomarkers | Virchows Archiv
Description:
The term “human germ cell tumors” (GCTs) refers to a heterogeneous group of neoplasms, all with a defined histological appearance. They have specific epidemiological characteristics, clinical behavior, and pathogenesis. Histologically, GCTs contain various tissue elements, which are homologs of normal embryogenesis. We have proposed a subclassification of GCTs in five subtypes, three of which preferentially occur in the testis. These include teratomas and yolk sac tumors of neonates and infants (type I), seminomas and nonseminomas of (predominantly) adolescents and adults (type II), and spermatocytic seminomas of the elderly (type III). Both spontaneous and induced animal models have been reported, of which the relevance for human GCTs is still to be clarified. Multidisciplinary studies have recently shed new light on the (earliest steps in the) pathogenesis of GCTs, mainly in regard of malignant type II GCTs (germ cell cancer (GCC)). This review discusses novel understanding of the pathogenesis of (mainly) GCC, focusing on identification of informative diagnostic markers suitable for application in a clinical setting. These include OCT3/4, SOX9/FOXL2, SOX17/SOX2, as well as embryonic microRNAs. These markers have been identified through studies on normal embryogenesis, specifically related to the gonads, including the germ cell lineage. Their strengths and limitations are discussed as well as the expected future approach to identify the group of individuals at highest risk for development of a GCC. The latter would allow screening of defined populations, early diagnosis, optimal follow-up, and potentially early treatment, preventing long-term side effects of systemic treatment.
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Keywords {🔍}

pubmed, google, scholar, cas, cell, germ, testicular, cancer, central, tumors, cells, human, pathol, looijenga, expression, development, tumor, genet, tumours, risk, gene, res, study, stem, nat, int, tspy, article, testis, oct, hum, differentiation, male, dmrt, mutations, sex, mol, dev, carcinoma, protein, analysis, stoop, malignant, markers, embryonic, patients, germcell, van, clin, mouse,

Topics {✒️}

month download article/chapter hans stoop & katharina biermann testicular germ-cell tumours testicular germ-cell cancer genome-wide rnai screen gene expression-based classification c-kit protein product nordic population-based study embryonic germ cells nested case-referent study case-parent triad study ras-cyclin d2 activation high-throughput micrornaome analysis seminoma-derived nagao isozyme c-kit protein expression germ cell tumours germ cell tumors germ-cell tumors embryonal carcinoma cells germ cell tumor tspy-related sequences represent van gurp rjhlm y-chromosome gene coding human y-chromosome-derived malignant germ cells malignant germ cells genome-wide association study stem cell markers germ cell lineage stem cell factor human testicular tumors fetal germ cells gene expression profiles y-derived marker chromosome primordial germ cells c-kit receptor germ cell cancer germ-cell cancer rapid estrogen signalling foetal germ cells tumor cell lines microrna expression profiling tensin homolog regulates male gonadal differentiation shared genetic origin circulating tumor cells long-term survivors privacy choices/manage cookies messenger rna targets germ cell loss

Questions {❓}

Akre O, Richiardi L (2009) Does a testicular dysgenesis syndrome exist?
Aschim EL et al (2005) Is there an association between maternal weight and the risk of testicular cancer?
Belge G et al (2012) Serum levels of microRNAs miR-371-3: a novel class of serum biomarkers for testicular germ cell tumors?

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