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Title:
The basis for haplotype complexity in VCBPs, an immune-type receptor in amphioxus | Immunogenetics
Description:
Innate immune gene repertoires are restricted primarily to germline variation. Adaptive immunity, by comparison, relies on somatic variation of germline-encoded genes to generate extraordinarily large numbers of non-heritable antigen recognition motifs. Invertebrates lack the key features of vertebrate adaptive immunity, but have evolved a variety of alternative mechanisms to successfully protect the integrity of âselfâ; in many cases, these appear to be taxon-specific innovations. In the protochordate Branchiostoma floridae (amphioxus), the variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) constitute a multigene family (comprised of VCBPs 1â5), which possesses features that are consistent with innate immune-type function. A large number of VCBP alleles and haplotypes are shown to exhibit levels of polymorphism exceeding the elevated overall levels determined for the whole amphioxus genome (JGI). VCBP genes of the 2 and 5 types are distinguished further by a highly polymorphic segment (exon 2) in the N-terminal immunoglobulin domain, defined previously as a âhypervariable regionâ or a âhotspot.â Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences from large numbers of animals representing different populations reveal further significant differences in sequence complexity within and across VCBP2/5 haplotypes that arise through overlapping mechanisms of genetic exchange, gene copy number variation as well as mutation and give rise to distinct allelic lineages. The collective observations suggest that mechanisms were in place at the time of divergence of the cephalochordates that could selectively hyperdiversify immune-type receptors within a multigene family.
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Keywords {đ}
article, google, scholar, cas, pubmed, litman, immunol, receptor, variable, amphioxus, cannon, dishaw, immunity, haire, genes, mol, innate, immune, biol, nature, content, research, immunetype, access, evolution, privacy, cookies, search, mueller, gary, gene, mechanisms, proteins, genome, genomic, nat, rast, holland, cell, usa, analysis, publish, complexity, vcbps, larry, ota, variation, adaptive, regioncontaining, chitinbinding,
Topics {âď¸}
chitin-binding proteins month download article/chapter innate immune-type function zoonotic vector-borne helminths activates nf-kappab pathway n-terminal immunoglobulin domain high-affinity lamprey vlra antigen binding receptors t-cell antigen receptor chaos/dialign www server nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions related subjects article immunogenetics aims immune-type receptor full article pdf immune receptor diversity killer cell immunoglobulin privacy choices/manage cookies antigen-receptor genes european economic area highly polymorphic segment insect defense systems hypervariable immunoglobulin domain variable lymphocyte receptors sequence manipulation suite adaptive immune system allelic polymorphism synergizes reconstructing immune phylogeny variable gene content tandemly repeated genes taxon-specific innovations vertebrate adaptive immunity germline-encoded genes de jong pj quality analysis tools collective observations suggest closest living relatives ancient evolutionary origin emerging model organism putnam nh vlrb monoclonal antibodies clustalx windows interface health grant ai23338 south florida college electronic supplementary material keywords variable region holland lz conditions privacy policy distinct allelic lineages gibson-brown jj
Questions {â}
- Litman GW, Cooper MD (2007) Commentary: why study the evolution of immunity?
- Schulenburg H, Boehnisch C, Michiels NK (2007) How do invertebrates generate a highly specific innate immune response?
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headline:The basis for haplotype complexity in VCBPs, an immune-type receptor in amphioxus
description:Innate immune gene repertoires are restricted primarily to germline variation. Adaptive immunity, by comparison, relies on somatic variation of germline-encoded genes to generate extraordinarily large numbers of non-heritable antigen recognition motifs. Invertebrates lack the key features of vertebrate adaptive immunity, but have evolved a variety of alternative mechanisms to successfully protect the integrity of âselfâ; in many cases, these appear to be taxon-specific innovations. In the protochordate Branchiostoma floridae (amphioxus), the variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) constitute a multigene family (comprised of VCBPs 1â5), which possesses features that are consistent with innate immune-type function. A large number of VCBP alleles and haplotypes are shown to exhibit levels of polymorphism exceeding the elevated overall levels determined for the whole amphioxus genome (JGI). VCBP genes of the 2 and 5 types are distinguished further by a highly polymorphic segment (exon 2) in the N-terminal immunoglobulin domain, defined previously as a âhypervariable regionâ or a âhotspot.â Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences from large numbers of animals representing different populations reveal further significant differences in sequence complexity within and across VCBP2/5 haplotypes that arise through overlapping mechanisms of genetic exchange, gene copy number variation as well as mutation and give rise to distinct allelic lineages. The collective observations suggest that mechanisms were in place at the time of divergence of the cephalochordates that could selectively hyperdiversify immune-type receptors within a multigene family.
datePublished:2010-07-22T00:00:00Z
dateModified:2010-07-22T00:00:00Z
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Variable region-containing chitin-binding protein
Evolution
Innate immunity
Variable immunoglobulin polymorphism
Immunology
Human Genetics
Gene Function
Cell Biology
Allergology
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headline:The basis for haplotype complexity in VCBPs, an immune-type receptor in amphioxus
description:Innate immune gene repertoires are restricted primarily to germline variation. Adaptive immunity, by comparison, relies on somatic variation of germline-encoded genes to generate extraordinarily large numbers of non-heritable antigen recognition motifs. Invertebrates lack the key features of vertebrate adaptive immunity, but have evolved a variety of alternative mechanisms to successfully protect the integrity of âselfâ; in many cases, these appear to be taxon-specific innovations. In the protochordate Branchiostoma floridae (amphioxus), the variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins (VCBPs) constitute a multigene family (comprised of VCBPs 1â5), which possesses features that are consistent with innate immune-type function. A large number of VCBP alleles and haplotypes are shown to exhibit levels of polymorphism exceeding the elevated overall levels determined for the whole amphioxus genome (JGI). VCBP genes of the 2 and 5 types are distinguished further by a highly polymorphic segment (exon 2) in the N-terminal immunoglobulin domain, defined previously as a âhypervariable regionâ or a âhotspot.â Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and complementary DNA (cDNA) sequences from large numbers of animals representing different populations reveal further significant differences in sequence complexity within and across VCBP2/5 haplotypes that arise through overlapping mechanisms of genetic exchange, gene copy number variation as well as mutation and give rise to distinct allelic lineages. The collective observations suggest that mechanisms were in place at the time of divergence of the cephalochordates that could selectively hyperdiversify immune-type receptors within a multigene family.
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Variable region-containing chitin-binding protein
Evolution
Innate immunity
Variable immunoglobulin polymorphism
Immunology
Human Genetics
Gene Function
Cell Biology
Allergology
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