We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00204-013-1152-z.

Title:
The role of vitamin D deficiency in cardiovascular disease: where do we stand in 2013? | Archives of Toxicology
Description:
The high worldwide prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is largely the result of low sunlight exposure with subsequently limited cutaneous vitamin D production. Classic manifestations of vitamin D deficiency are linked to disturbances in bone and mineral metabolism, but the identification of the vitamin D receptor in almost every human cell suggests a broader role of vitamin D for overall and cardiovascular health. The various cardiovascular protective actions of vitamin D such as anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive effects including renin suppression as well as protection against atherosclerosis and heart diseases are well defined in previous experimental studies. In line with this, large epidemiological studies have highlighted vitamin D deficiency as a marker of cardiovascular risk. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on vitamin D have largely failed to show its beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases and its conventional risk factors. While most prior vitamin D RCTs were not designed to assess cardiovascular outcomes, some large RCTs have been initiated to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular events in the general population. When considering the history of previous disappointing vitamin RCTs in general populations, more emphasis should be placed on RCTs among severely vitamin D-deficient populations who would most likely benefit from vitamin D treatment. At present, vitamin D deficiency can only be considered a cardiovascular risk marker, as vitamin D supplementation with doses recommended for osteoporosis treatment is neither proven to be beneficial nor harmful in cardiovascular diseases.
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Questions {❓}

Amin A, Minaee S, Chitsazan M, Naderi N, Taghavi S, Ardeshiri M (2013) Can vitamin d supplementation improve the severity of congestive heart failure?
Brouwer-Brolsma EM, Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Bouillon R, Feskens EJ, Gallagher CJ, Hypponen E, Llewellyn DJ, Stoecklin E, Dierkes J, Kies AK, Kok FJ, Lamberg-Allardt C, Moser U, Pilz S, Saris WH, van Schoor NM, Weber P, Witkamp R, Zittermann A, de Groot LC (2013) Vitamin D: do we get enough?
Feelisch M, Kolb-Bachofen V, Liu D, Lundberg JO, Revelo LP, Suschek CV, Weller RB (2010) Is sunlight good for our heart?
Hewison M (2012) Vitamin D and immune function: autocrine, paracrine or endocrine?
Jorde R, Grimnes G (2012) Vitamin D and lipids: do we really need more studies?
Macdonald HM, Mavroeidi A, Fraser WD, Darling AL, Black AJ, Aucott L, O’Neill F, Hart K, Berry JL, Lanham-New SA, Reid DM (2011) Sunlight and dietary contributions to the seasonal vitamin D status of cohorts of healthy postmenopausal women living at northerly latitudes: a major cause for concern?
Muscogiuri G, Sorice GP, Ajjan R, Mezza T, Pilz S, Prioletta A, Scragg R, Volpe SL, Witham MD, Giaccari A (2012) Can vitamin D deficiency cause diabetes and cardiovascular diseases?
Nair-Shalliker V, Armstrong BK, Fenech M (2012) Does vitamin D protect against DNA damage?
Prietl B, Pilz S, Wolf M, Tomaschitz A, Obermayer-Pietsch B, Graninger W, Pieber TR (2010) Vitamin D supplementation and regulatory T cells in apparently healthy subjects: vitamin D treatment for autoimmune diseases?
The role of vitamin D deficiency in cardiovascular disease: where do we stand in 2013?
The role of vitamin D deficiency in cardiovascular disease: where do we stand in 2013?
Zittermann A, Pilz S, Börgermann J, Gummert JF (2011b) Calcium supplementation and vitamin D: a trigger for adverse cardiovascular events?
Zittermann A, Schleithoff SS, Tenderich G, Berthold HK, Körfer R, Stehle P (2003) Low vitamin D status: a contributing factor in the pathogenesis of congestive heart failure?

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         description:The high worldwide prevalence of vitamin D deficiency is largely the result of low sunlight exposure with subsequently limited cutaneous vitamin D production. Classic manifestations of vitamin D deficiency are linked to disturbances in bone and mineral metabolism, but the identification of the vitamin D receptor in almost every human cell suggests a broader role of vitamin D for overall and cardiovascular health. The various cardiovascular protective actions of vitamin D such as anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive effects including renin suppression as well as protection against atherosclerosis and heart diseases are well defined in previous experimental studies. In line with this, large epidemiological studies have highlighted vitamin D deficiency as a marker of cardiovascular risk. However, randomized controlled trials (RCTs) on vitamin D have largely failed to show its beneficial effects on cardiovascular diseases and its conventional risk factors. While most prior vitamin D RCTs were not designed to assess cardiovascular outcomes, some large RCTs have been initiated to evaluate the efficacy of vitamin D supplementation on cardiovascular events in the general population. When considering the history of previous disappointing vitamin RCTs in general populations, more emphasis should be placed on RCTs among severely vitamin D-deficient populations who would most likely benefit from vitamin D treatment. At present, vitamin D deficiency can only be considered a cardiovascular risk marker, as vitamin D supplementation with doses recommended for osteoporosis treatment is neither proven to be beneficial nor harmful in cardiovascular diseases.
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