We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/bf01731581.

Title:
A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences | Journal of Molecular Evolution
Description:
Some simple formulae were obtained which enable us to estimate evolutionary distances in terms of the number of nucleotide substitutions (and, also, the evolutionary rates when the divergence times are known). In comparing a pair of nucleotide sequences, we distinguish two types of differences; if homologous sites are occupied by different nucleotide bases but both are purines or both pyrimidines, the difference is called type I (or “transition” type), while, if one of the two is a purine and the other is a pyrimidine, the difference is called type II (or “transversion” type). Letting P and Q be respectively the fractions of nucleotide sites showing type I and type II differences between two sequences compared, then the evolutionary distance per site is K = — (1/2) ln {(1 — 2P — Q) }. The evolutionary rate per year is then given by k = K/(2T), where T is the time since the divergence of the two sequences. If only the third codon positions are compared, the synonymous component of the evolutionary base substitutions per site is estimated by K
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Topics {✒️}

month download article/chapter molecular evolution aims selective intra-dinucleotide interactions amino acid-altering substitutions related subjects evolutionary distance evolutionary rate synonymous substitutions occur privacy choices/manage cookies estimate evolutionary distances full article pdf estimating evolutionary rates evolutionary base substitutions van den berg reported globin sequences european economic area check access coincident snp distribution instant access nucleotide sequences published conditions privacy policy june 1980 volume 16 mammalian protein metabolism article kimura accepting optional cookies journal finder publish synonymous component main content log usage analysis called type ii evolutionary rates type ii differences article journal evolution article log nucleotide sequences privacy policy personal data article cite books a nucleotide substitutions called type optional cookies manage preferences base substitutions time national institute sequences compared journal publish genetics

Schema {🗺️}

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         headline:A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences
         description:Some simple formulae were obtained which enable us to estimate evolutionary distances in terms of the number of nucleotide substitutions (and, also, the evolutionary rates when the divergence times are known). In comparing a pair of nucleotide sequences, we distinguish two types of differences; if homologous sites are occupied by different nucleotide bases but both are purines or both pyrimidines, the difference is called type I (or “transition” type), while, if one of the two is a purine and the other is a pyrimidine, the difference is called type II (or “transversion” type). Letting P and Q be respectively the fractions of nucleotide sites showing type I and type II differences between two sequences compared, then the evolutionary distance per site is K = — (1/2) ln {(1 — 2P — Q) }. The evolutionary rate per year is then given by k = K/(2T), where T is the time since the divergence of the two sequences. If only the third codon positions are compared, the synonymous component of the evolutionary base substitutions per site is estimated by K'S = — (1/2) ln (1 — 2P — Q). Also, formulae for standard errors were obtained. Some examples were worked out using reported globin sequences to show that synonymous substitutions occur at much higher rates than amino acid-altering substitutions in evolution.
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            Molecular evolution
            Evolutionary distance estimation
            Synonymous substitution rate
            Evolutionary Biology
            Microbiology
            Plant Sciences
            Plant Genetics and Genomics
            Animal Genetics and Genomics
            Cell Biology
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      headline:A simple method for estimating evolutionary rates of base substitutions through comparative studies of nucleotide sequences
      description:Some simple formulae were obtained which enable us to estimate evolutionary distances in terms of the number of nucleotide substitutions (and, also, the evolutionary rates when the divergence times are known). In comparing a pair of nucleotide sequences, we distinguish two types of differences; if homologous sites are occupied by different nucleotide bases but both are purines or both pyrimidines, the difference is called type I (or “transition” type), while, if one of the two is a purine and the other is a pyrimidine, the difference is called type II (or “transversion” type). Letting P and Q be respectively the fractions of nucleotide sites showing type I and type II differences between two sequences compared, then the evolutionary distance per site is K = — (1/2) ln {(1 — 2P — Q) }. The evolutionary rate per year is then given by k = K/(2T), where T is the time since the divergence of the two sequences. If only the third codon positions are compared, the synonymous component of the evolutionary base substitutions per site is estimated by K'S = — (1/2) ln (1 — 2P — Q). Also, formulae for standard errors were obtained. Some examples were worked out using reported globin sequences to show that synonymous substitutions occur at much higher rates than amino acid-altering substitutions in evolution.
      datePublished:
      dateModified:
      pageStart:111
      pageEnd:120
      sameAs:https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731581
      keywords:
         Molecular evolution
         Evolutionary distance estimation
         Synonymous substitution rate
         Evolutionary Biology
         Microbiology
         Plant Sciences
         Plant Genetics and Genomics
         Animal Genetics and Genomics
         Cell Biology
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