We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-20819-0_5.

Title:
Fibrinogen-Related Proteins (FREPs) in Mollusks | SpringerLink
Description:
Anti-parasite responses of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata involve antigen-reactive plasma lectins termed fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) comprising a C-terminal fibrinogen (FBG) domain and one or two upstream immunoglobulin domains. FREPs are highly polymorphic;...
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Keywords {🔍}

pubmed, google, scholar, article, cas, glabrata, biomphalaria, immunol, adema, central, snail, schistosoma, mansoni, proteins, comp, fibrinogenrelated, gene, zhang, frep, immune, dev, freps, parasitol, loker, chapter, host, doijdci, lectins, snails, infection, sequence, resistance, family, diversified, recognition, genes, invertebrate, privacy, cookies, content, information, publish, search, interactions, somatic, cell, domain, domains, immunity, access,

Topics {✒️}

induces parasite-reactive polypeptides month download article/chapter carbohydrate-binding plasma proteins heterogeneous carbohydrate-binding proteins chapter pathogen-host interactions larval digenean-snail associations parasite-responsive igsf members fibrinogen-bearing protein genes counter antigenically-varied parasites sialic-acid-binding lectin slug limax flavus–cloning germline-encoded immune recognition conserved dna-binding function long complex half-life precipitates parasite-derived molecules mannose 6-phosphate-specific lectin allopatric host-parasite system lamprey antigen receptors fibrinogen-related proteins invertebrate host/parasite model vlr-based adaptive immunity fibrinogen-related protein pathogen-host interactions susceptible-specific gene expression fibrinogen-related domains privacy choices/manage cookies device instant download differential transcriptomic responses human blood fluke gastropod biomphalaria glabrata hanington pc single-stranded dna snail/schistosome interactions susceptible snail hosts zhang sm snail biomphalaria glabrata host immune receptors c-terminal fibrinogen snail strains exposed intermediate snail host snail intermediate host biomphalaria glabrata strains anticipatory immune responses rodríguez lópez cm parasite epitopes matched resistant biomphalaria glabrata biomphalaria straminea challenged underlying mutator mechanisms léonard pm european economic area

Questions {❓}

Klein J (1989) Are invertebrates capable of anticipatory immune responses?
Théron A, Coustau C (2005) Are Biomphalaria snails resistant to Schistosoma mansoni?

Schema {🗺️}

ScholarlyArticle:
      headline:Fibrinogen-Related Proteins (FREPs) in Mollusks
      pageEnd:129
      pageStart:111
      image:https://media.springernature.com/w153/springer-static/cover/book/978-3-319-20819-0.jpg
      genre:
         Biomedical and Life Sciences
         Biomedical and Life Sciences (R0)
      isPartOf:
         name:Pathogen-Host Interactions: Antigenic Variation v. Somatic Adaptations
         isbn:
            978-3-319-20819-0
            978-3-319-20818-3
         type:Book
      publisher:
         name:Springer International Publishing
         logo:
            url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
            type:ImageObject
         type:Organization
      author:
            name:Coen M. Adema
            affiliation:
                  name:Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico
                  address:
                     name:Biology Department, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
                     type:PostalAddress
                  type:Organization
            email:[email protected]
            type:Person
      keywords: Biomphalaria glabrata , Lectins, Somatic diversification
      description:Anti-parasite responses of the snail Biomphalaria glabrata involve antigen-reactive plasma lectins termed fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs) comprising a C-terminal fibrinogen (FBG) domain and one or two upstream immunoglobulin domains. FREPs are highly polymorphic; they derive from several gene families with multiple loci and alleles that are diversified by exon loss, alternative splicing, and random somatic mutation (gene conversion and point mutations). Individual B. glabrata snails have dynamically distinct FREP sequence repertoires. The immune relevance of B. glabrata FREPs is indicated by FREP binding to polymorphic antigens of (snail-specific) digenean parasites and altered resistance of B. glabrata to digeneans following RNAi knockdown of FREPs. The compatibility polymorphism hypothesis proposes that FREP mutation increases the range of germline-encoded immune recognition in B. glabrata to counter antigenically-varied parasites. Somatic mutation may result from sequence exchange among tandemly arranged FREP genes in the genome, and analysis of sequence variants also suggests involvement of cytidine deaminase-like activity or epigenetic regulation. Without current indications of selection or retention of effective sequence variants toward immunological memory, FREP diversification is thought to afford B. glabrata immunity that is anticipatory but not adaptive. More remains to be learned about this system; other mollusks elaborate diversified lectins consisting of single FBG domains, and bona fide FREPs were reported from additional gastropod species, but these may not be diversified. Future comparative immunological studies and gene discovery driven by next-generation sequencing will further clarify taxonomic distribution of FREP diversification and the underlying mutator mechanisms as a component of immune function in mollusks.
      datePublished:2015
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Book:
      name:Pathogen-Host Interactions: Antigenic Variation v. Somatic Adaptations
      isbn:
         978-3-319-20819-0
         978-3-319-20818-3
Organization:
      name:Springer International Publishing
      logo:
         url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
         type:ImageObject
      name:Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico
      address:
         name:Biology Department, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
         type:PostalAddress
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      url:https://www.springernature.com/app-sn/public/images/logo-springernature.png
Person:
      name:Coen M. Adema
      affiliation:
            name:Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico
            address:
               name:Biology Department, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
               type:PostalAddress
            type:Organization
      email:[email protected]
PostalAddress:
      name:Biology Department, Center for Evolutionary and Theoretical Immunology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, USA
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