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We are analyzing https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21444-5.

Title:
Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19 | Nature Communications
Description:
The durability of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity has major implications for reinfection and vaccine development. Here, we show a comprehensive profile of antibody, B cell and T cell dynamics over time in a cohort of patients who have recovered from mild-moderate COVID-19. Binding and neutralising antibody responses, together with individual serum clonotypes, decay over the first 4 months post-infection. A similar decline in Spike-specific CD4+ and circulating T follicular helper frequencies occurs. By contrast, S-specific IgG+ memory B cells consistently accumulate over time, eventually comprising a substantial fraction of circulating the memory B cell pool. Modelling of the concomitant immune kinetics predicts maintenance of serological neutralising activity above a titre of 1:40 in 50% of convalescent participants to 74 days, although there is probably additive protection from B cell and T cell immunity. This study indicates that SARS-CoV-2 immunity after infection might be transiently protective at a population level. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines might require greater immunogenicity and durability than natural infection to drive long-term protection. Longitudinal analyses are needed to show how the immune response to Sars-Cov-2 infection changes over time. Here, the authors use multiple strategies to profile the change in immune cell responses from patients with convalescent COVID-19 over the course of ~5 months, showing that although neutralizing antibody responses drop off after ~4 months, B cell immune responses strengthen.
Website Age:
30 years and 10 months (reg. 1994-08-11).

Matching Content Categories {πŸ“š}

  • Science
  • Education
  • Telecommunications

Content Management System {πŸ“}

What CMS is nature.com built with?

Custom-built

No common CMS systems were detected on Nature.com, and no known web development framework was identified.

Traffic Estimate {πŸ“ˆ}

What is the average monthly size of nature.com audience?

πŸŒ† Monumental Traffic: 20M - 50M visitors per month


Based on our best estimate, this website will receive around 42,554,915 visitors per month in the current month.

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How Does Nature.com Make Money? {πŸ’Έ}


Display Ads {🎯}


The website utilizes display ads within its content to generate revenue. Check the next section for further revenue estimates.

Ads are managed by yourbow.com. Particular relationships are as follows:

Direct Advertisers (10)
google.com, pmc.com, doceree.com, yourbow.com, audienciad.com, onlinemediasolutions.com, advibe.media, aps.amazon.com, getmediamx.com, onomagic.com

Reseller Advertisers (38)
conversantmedia.com, rubiconproject.com, pubmatic.com, appnexus.com, openx.com, smartadserver.com, lijit.com, sharethrough.com, video.unrulymedia.com, google.com, yahoo.com, triplelift.com, onetag.com, sonobi.com, contextweb.com, 33across.com, indexexchange.com, media.net, themediagrid.com, adform.com, richaudience.com, sovrn.com, improvedigital.com, freewheel.tv, smaato.com, yieldmo.com, amxrtb.com, adyoulike.com, adpone.com, criteo.com, smilewanted.com, 152media.info, e-planning.net, smartyads.com, loopme.com, opera.com, mediafuse.com, betweendigital.com

How Much Does Nature.com Make? {πŸ’°}


Display Ads {🎯}

$536,300 per month
Our estimates place Nature.com's monthly online earnings from display ads at $357,503 to $983,134.

Keywords {πŸ”}

responses, sarscov, decay, fig, article, cell, sspecific, cells, google, scholar, antibody, participants, days, covid, igg, memory, neutralisation, supplementary, cas, data, infection, convalescent, time, titre, nature, immune, binding, early, neutralising, day, convalescence, antibodies, immunity, frequencies, longitudinal, plasma, individuals, uninfected, tmem, cohort, rbd, shown, igm, individual, serological, samples, median, titres, inhibition, response,

Topics {βœ’οΈ}

nature portfolio flow cytometry services privacy policy beta _0 b_{0i} b_{2i} b_{3i} advertising s_{ij} $$y_{ij} = mass spectrometry-based assay delineating sars-cov-2 s-specific matched cdr-h3 sequences cdr-h3 heavy-chain suboptimal sars-cov-2-specific cd8 sars-cov-2 receptor-binding domain serum-free media reprints induced sars-cov-2-specific cd8 + nature 584 nature 587 nature mass spectrometry-based quantification s-specific igg+ mbc vaccine development ms-based quantitative proteomics cd3+ cd4+ cd8-cd45ra-cxcr5 s-specific igg+ memory igg+ s-specific memory sars-cov-2 rbd protein infection-induced sars-cov-2 immunity n-specific igg responses beta _2 beta _3 beta _1 detect sars-cov-2 seroconversion persistent sars-cov-2 associates s-specific antibodies recovered anti-sars-cov-2 antibodies parental s-specific population peer review reports sars-cov-2-specific antibodies sars-cov-2- specific antibodies social media n-terminal peptide pools distinct epitope-specific responses high sars-cov-2 seroprevalence s-specific cd8+ tmem r_{ij} sars-cov-2 spike probes

Questions {❓}

  • Correlates of protection to influenza virus, where do we go from here?
  • How does the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate change over time?

Schema {πŸ—ΊοΈ}

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         datePublished:2021-02-19T00:00:00Z
         dateModified:2021-02-19T00:00:00Z
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      headline:Evolution of immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 in mild-moderate COVID-19
      description:The durability of infection-induced SARS-CoV-2 immunity has major implications for reinfection and vaccine development. Here, we show a comprehensive profile of antibody, B cell and T cell dynamics over time in a cohort of patients who have recovered from mild-moderate COVID-19. Binding and neutralising antibody responses, together with individual serum clonotypes, decay over the first 4 months post-infection. A similar decline in Spike-specific CD4+ and circulating T follicular helper frequencies occurs. By contrast, S-specific IgG+ memory B cells consistently accumulate over time, eventually comprising a substantial fraction of circulating the memory B cell pool. Modelling of the concomitant immune kinetics predicts maintenance of serological neutralising activity above a titre of 1:40 in 50% of convalescent participants to 74 days, although there is probably additive protection from B cell and T cell immunity. This study indicates that SARS-CoV-2 immunity after infection might be transiently protective at a population level. Therefore, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines might require greater immunogenicity and durability than natural infection to drive long-term protection. Longitudinal analyses are needed to show how the immune response to Sars-Cov-2 infection changes over time. Here, the authors use multiple strategies to profile the change in immune cell responses from patients with convalescent COVID-19 over the course of ~5 months, showing that although neutralizing antibody responses drop off after ~4 months, B cell immune responses strengthen.
      datePublished:2021-02-19T00:00:00Z
      dateModified:2021-02-19T00:00:00Z
      pageStart:1
      pageEnd:11
      license:http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
      sameAs:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21444-5
      keywords:
         CD4-positive T cells
         Immunological memory
         Viral infection
         Science
         Humanities and Social Sciences
         multidisciplinary
      image:
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      name:Sydney School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
      name:Department of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Flinders University and SA Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
      name:Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
      name:Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
      name:WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
      name:Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
      name:Department of Immunology, College of Medicine and Public Health, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
      name:Department of Immunology, SA Pathology, Flinders Medical Centre, Adelaide, Australia
      name:Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
      name:Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
      name:Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
      name:Australian Research Council Centre for Excellence in Convergent Bio-Nano Science and Technology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
      name:Melbourne Sexual Health Centre and Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Hospital and Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia

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