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Title:
Are animal models predictive for humans? | Philosophy, Ethics, and Humanities in Medicine
Description:
It is one of the central aims of the philosophy of science to elucidate the meanings of scientific terms and also to think critically about their application. The focus of this essay is the scientific term predict and whether there is credible evidence that animal models, especially in toxicology and pathophysiology, can be used to predict human outcomes. Whether animals can be used to predict human response to drugs and other chemicals is apparently a contentious issue. However, when one empirically analyzes animal models using scientific tools they fall far short of being able to predict human responses. This is not surprising considering what we have learned from fields such evolutionary and developmental biology, gene regulation and expression, epigenetics, complexity theory, and comparative genomics.
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Keywords {🔍}

animal, human, predictive, humans, models, animals, google, scholar, drug, article, predict, prediction, data, species, science, response, studies, positive, cancer, research, study, differences, model, drugs, tests, results, sensitivity, hypothesis, true, disease, test, toxicity, tested, thalidomide, carcinogens, scientific, chemicals, word, carcinogenic, figure, greek, testing, clinical, causal, rats, authors, biological, mice, case, systems,

Topics {✒️}

docid=-8464924004908818871%26q=madison+debate+animal%26total=5%26start=0%26num=30%26so=0%26type=search%26plindex=0 gad medicine vis-à-vis introducing gov/bbs/topics/news/2006/new01296 chemicals vis-à-vis carcinogenesis dna copy-number-variation profiles vis-à-vis positive predictive adme/tox held article download pdf national anti-vivisection society open access article rigorous pre-clinical testing normal prediction-relevant lexicon animal-based research notes inter-individual variation genetically modified organisms privacy choices/manage cookies high-quality clinical trials long-term metronidazole therapy full size image citation search comprehensive geriatric oncology authors’ original file scientific affairs publishing article focuses solely gold standard laid justify cross-species extrapolation causal analogical reasoning qualitatively identical system recent technological breakthrough brain tumor initiation late-stage clinical trials howard jacob notes scid-hu mice phrase concordance rate causal determinism rests van ommen gj van kreijl cf meer van der multinational pharmaceutical industry full size table identified concordant ht google search national cancer institute causal analogical models recent iarc classifications specific target organs hamster variably responsive rocky mountain division den dunnen jt altern lab anim

Questions {❓}

99 PPV as acceptable?
Altman L: Who Goes First?
Anisimov VN, Ukraintseva SV, Yashin AI: Cancer in rodents: does it tell us about cancer in humans?
Are animal models predictive for humans?
Are animal models predictive for humans?
Are humans and their animal models sufficiently similar for approximate predictions to be made?
Are the animals used to make predictions about humans qualitatively identical to humans once allowances have been made for difference in body weight or surface area?
But again we must ask where the burden of proof lies?
But is this a factual interpretation of reality?
Butcher EC: Can cell systems biology rescue drug discovery?
Certainly one will win (which is not a given when testing on animals in hopes of reproducing or guessing human response), but which one?
Could the thalidomide tragedy have been predicted and prevented on the basis of animal experimentation as Gad [29] and others have claimed?
Could the use of animal models have predicted thalidomide's adverse affects?
Curry SH: Why have so many drugs with stellar results in laboratory stroke models failed in clinical trials?
Does this mean they never should have been released to the market?
First, what is a causal analogical model (CAM) and how does it involve causal analogical reasoning?
Freeman M, St Johnston D: Wherefore DMM?
Gold LS, Slone TH, Ames BN: What do animal cancer tests tell us about human cancer risk?
Heywood R: Clinical Toxicity – Could it have been predicted?
Horrobin DF: Modern biomedical research: an internally self-consistent universe with little contact with medical reality?
How then should we think of prediction in the context of toxicology, pathophysiology, and pharmacology?
How well do animal models predict carcinogenesis?
However, how are we to know prospectively which animal will mimic humans?
If the human effects were unknown, what would the case have looked like from the standpoint of prediction?
In the case of carcinogenesis we want to know: (1) what will happen in the future (will the chemical cause cancer in humans?
Kaiser J: Gender in the pharmacy: does it matter?
Knight A: The beginning of the end for chimpanzee experiments?
Pound P, Ebrahim S, Sandercock P, Bracken MB, Roberts I: Where is the evidence that animal research benefits humans?
Shanks N, Greek R, Nobis N, Greek J: Animals and Medicine: Do Animal Experiments Predict Human Response?
Should the above drugs that caused cancer in some animal have been banned?
Should we discard every drug that causes cancer in animals?
Useful to whom?
Wall RJ, Shani M: Are animal models as good as we think?
We want a correct answer to the question, "Is this chemical carcinogenic to humans?
What does constitute prediction in biological complex systems?
Why is this the case?
Com/videoplay?

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