We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12672-009-0003-0.

Title:
Circulating Sex Steroids and Breast Cancer Risk in Premenopausal Women | Discover Oncology
Description:
Evidence from both laboratory and epidemiologic studies indicate a key role of hormones in the etiology of breast cancer. In epidemiologic studies, indirect data, including the consistent associations observed between reproductive factors and breast cancer risk, support an important contribution of hormones to risk. Recently, the associations between circulating hormones in premenopausal women and subsequent risk of breast cancer have been evaluated. To date, both positive and null associations have been observed for estrogens and inverse and null associations for progesterone with breast cancer risk. For estrogens, the relationships may vary by menstrual cycle phase (e.g., follicular versus luteal phase), although this requires confirmation. Few studies have evaluated estrogen metabolites in relation to breast cancer risk; hence, no conclusions can yet be drawn. Findings for the largely adrenal-derived dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate also are inconsistent and may vary by age. However, relatively consistent positive associations have been observed between testosterone (or free testosterone) levels and breast cancer risk; these associations are of similar magnitude to those confirmed among postmenopausal women. In this review, we summarize current evidence and identify gaps and inconsistencies that need to be addressed in future studies of sex steroids and premenopausal breast cancer risk.
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Keywords {🔍}

cancer, breast, google, scholar, pubmed, cas, risk, women, levels, article, premenopausal, estrogen, studies, estradiol, hormone, cycle, phase, menstrual, luteal, study, observed, metabolites, associations, follicular, association, progesterone, circulating, estrogens, postmenopausal, positive, cases, hormones, testosterone, prospective, blood, estrone, significant, sex, hankinson, top, epidemiol, date, bottom, data, dhea, steroid, androgens, period, icc, serum,

Topics {✒️}

steroidal d-ring alpha-hydroxyimines higher 2-hydroxyestrone/16α-hydroxyestrone ratios cancer-related cognitive impairment bueno-de-mesquita hb long-term hormone levels estrogen receptor-mediated processes related subjects breast-cancer prevention trials progesterone receptors–animal models catechol/methylated catechol ratio 2-hydroxyestrone/16α-hydroxyestrone ratio retrospective case-control studies exhibit anti-estrogenic effects adjuvant endocrine treatment long-term results van gils ch invasive er+/pr+tumors long-term levels privacy choices/manage cookies largely adrenal-derived dehydroepiandrosterone catechol estrogen quinones comparable case group spline regression models control hormone levels fifteen urinary estrogens high estrogen levels decrease cell proliferation sex hormone levels endogenous tumor initiators 16 alpha-hydroxyestrone ratio early menopausal transition human breast cancer hormone replacement therapy circulating hormone levels endogenous sex hormones breast cancer cells catechol estrogen conjugates sex steroid hormones er+ breast cancer human breast cancers reflect prediagnostic levels predicted hormone levels serum hormonal patterns guernsey iii cohort invasive breast cancer circulating sex steroids single hormone measurement 16α-hydroxylation pathways reflect estrogen levels invasive breast carcinoma

Questions {❓}

However, what is the status of research on circulating sex steroid levels and breast cancer risk in premenopausal women?
Meilahn EN, De Stavola B, Allen DS, Fentiman I, Bradlow HL, Sepkovic DW, Kuller LH (1998) Do urinary oestrogen metabolites predict breast cancer?

Schema {🗺️}

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         description:Evidence from both laboratory and epidemiologic studies indicate a key role of hormones in the etiology of breast cancer. In epidemiologic studies, indirect data, including the consistent associations observed between reproductive factors and breast cancer risk, support an important contribution of hormones to risk. Recently, the associations between circulating hormones in premenopausal women and subsequent risk of breast cancer have been evaluated. To date, both positive and null associations have been observed for estrogens and inverse and null associations for progesterone with breast cancer risk. For estrogens, the relationships may vary by menstrual cycle phase (e.g., follicular versus luteal phase), although this requires confirmation. Few studies have evaluated estrogen metabolites in relation to breast cancer risk; hence, no conclusions can yet be drawn. Findings for the largely adrenal-derived dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate also are inconsistent and may vary by age. However, relatively consistent positive associations have been observed between testosterone (or free testosterone) levels and breast cancer risk; these associations are of similar magnitude to those confirmed among postmenopausal women. In this review, we summarize current evidence and identify gaps and inconsistencies that need to be addressed in future studies of sex steroids and premenopausal breast cancer risk.
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      headline:Circulating Sex Steroids and Breast Cancer Risk in Premenopausal Women
      description:Evidence from both laboratory and epidemiologic studies indicate a key role of hormones in the etiology of breast cancer. In epidemiologic studies, indirect data, including the consistent associations observed between reproductive factors and breast cancer risk, support an important contribution of hormones to risk. Recently, the associations between circulating hormones in premenopausal women and subsequent risk of breast cancer have been evaluated. To date, both positive and null associations have been observed for estrogens and inverse and null associations for progesterone with breast cancer risk. For estrogens, the relationships may vary by menstrual cycle phase (e.g., follicular versus luteal phase), although this requires confirmation. Few studies have evaluated estrogen metabolites in relation to breast cancer risk; hence, no conclusions can yet be drawn. Findings for the largely adrenal-derived dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and DHEA sulfate also are inconsistent and may vary by age. However, relatively consistent positive associations have been observed between testosterone (or free testosterone) levels and breast cancer risk; these associations are of similar magnitude to those confirmed among postmenopausal women. In this review, we summarize current evidence and identify gaps and inconsistencies that need to be addressed in future studies of sex steroids and premenopausal breast cancer risk.
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