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Signaling Functions of Free Radicals Superoxide & Nitric Oxide under Physiological & Pathological Conditions | Molecular Biotechnology
Description:
Superoxide and nitric oxide are ubiquitous physiological free radicals that are responsible for many pathological disorders. Both radicals by themselves are relatively harmless but are the precursors of many toxic species such as peroxy and hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite. However, it has been shown now that both superoxide and nitric oxide are also able to perform important signaling functions in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Wrongly named “superoxide,” the radical anion of dioxygen is not a super-oxidant but the strong super-nucleophile, an efficient catalyst of heterogenic nucleophilic reaction. Due to this, superoxide plays an important role in many enzymatic processes such as the phosphorylation and activation of numerous protein kinases. On the other hand, superoxide inhibits the activation of phosphatases, the enzymes catalyzed by dephosphorylation of protein kinases. We suggest that superoxide catalyzes these enzymatic processes as a result of its nucleophilic properties. Another important physiological function of superoxide and nitric oxide is their competition for the interaction with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. Disturbance of superoxide/nitric oxide balance leads to the dysfunction of mitochondria and the enhancement of apoptosis and oxidative stress, which are primary causes of various pathological disorders and aging. In conclusion, interplay between superoxide and nitric oxide, one of major factors of aging development, is considered.
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article, superoxide, oxide, nitric, cas, google, scholar, pubmed, afanasev, physiological, journal, radicals, conditions, aging, privacy, cookies, content, research, signaling, free, pathological, access, publish, search, species, processes, physiology, data, information, log, functions, august, igor, peroxynitrite, important, anion, protein, kinases, stress, reactive, oxygen, chapter, discover, chemistry, download, author, springer, function, optional, personal,
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month download article/chapter article afanas’ev numerous protein kinases full article pdf biophysical research communications privacy choices/manage cookies redox signaling free radical mechanisms afanas’ev protein kinases european economic area wrongly named “superoxide acta physiologica scandinavica myocardial o2 consumption signaling functions thiol chemistry defines current medicinal chemistry conditions privacy policy strong super-nucleophile heterogenic nucleophilic reaction rat mesangial cells highly nucleotide sensitive accepting optional cookies related subjects reactive oxygen species important physiological function main content log article log oxidative stress author correspondence check access instant access journal finder publish nitric oxide article cite superoxide signaling biological chemistry hydrogen peroxide superoxide anion privacy policy personal data hydroxyl radicals pathological conditions physiological conditions radical anion aging development aging processes books a reactive oxygen optional cookies
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headline:Signaling Functions of Free Radicals Superoxide & Nitric Oxide under Physiological & Pathological Conditions
description:Superoxide and nitric oxide are ubiquitous physiological free radicals that are responsible for many pathological disorders. Both radicals by themselves are relatively harmless but are the precursors of many toxic species such as peroxy and hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite. However, it has been shown now that both superoxide and nitric oxide are also able to perform important signaling functions in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Wrongly named “superoxide,” the radical anion of dioxygen is not a super-oxidant but the strong super-nucleophile, an efficient catalyst of heterogenic nucleophilic reaction. Due to this, superoxide plays an important role in many enzymatic processes such as the phosphorylation and activation of numerous protein kinases. On the other hand, superoxide inhibits the activation of phosphatases, the enzymes catalyzed by dephosphorylation of protein kinases. We suggest that superoxide catalyzes these enzymatic processes as a result of its nucleophilic properties. Another important physiological function of superoxide and nitric oxide is their competition for the interaction with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. Disturbance of superoxide/nitric oxide balance leads to the dysfunction of mitochondria and the enhancement of apoptosis and oxidative stress, which are primary causes of various pathological disorders and aging. In conclusion, interplay between superoxide and nitric oxide, one of major factors of aging development, is considered.
datePublished:2007-08-04T00:00:00Z
dateModified:2007-08-04T00:00:00Z
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Superoxide
Nitric oxide
Protein kinases
Aging
Biotechnology
Biochemistry
general
Cell Biology
Protein Science
Biological Techniques
Human Genetics
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headline:Signaling Functions of Free Radicals Superoxide & Nitric Oxide under Physiological & Pathological Conditions
description:Superoxide and nitric oxide are ubiquitous physiological free radicals that are responsible for many pathological disorders. Both radicals by themselves are relatively harmless but are the precursors of many toxic species such as peroxy and hydroxyl radicals, hydrogen peroxide, and peroxynitrite. However, it has been shown now that both superoxide and nitric oxide are also able to perform important signaling functions in physiological and pathophysiological processes. Wrongly named “superoxide,” the radical anion of dioxygen is not a super-oxidant but the strong super-nucleophile, an efficient catalyst of heterogenic nucleophilic reaction. Due to this, superoxide plays an important role in many enzymatic processes such as the phosphorylation and activation of numerous protein kinases. On the other hand, superoxide inhibits the activation of phosphatases, the enzymes catalyzed by dephosphorylation of protein kinases. We suggest that superoxide catalyzes these enzymatic processes as a result of its nucleophilic properties. Another important physiological function of superoxide and nitric oxide is their competition for the interaction with mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase. Disturbance of superoxide/nitric oxide balance leads to the dysfunction of mitochondria and the enhancement of apoptosis and oxidative stress, which are primary causes of various pathological disorders and aging. In conclusion, interplay between superoxide and nitric oxide, one of major factors of aging development, is considered.
datePublished:2007-08-04T00:00:00Z
dateModified:2007-08-04T00:00:00Z
pageStart:2
pageEnd:4
sameAs:https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-007-0056-7
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Superoxide
Nitric oxide
Protein kinases
Aging
Biotechnology
Biochemistry
general
Cell Biology
Protein Science
Biological Techniques
Human Genetics
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