We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00441-002-0574-3.

Title:
Neurotransmitters of the retino-hypothalamic tract | Cell and Tissue Research
Description:
Cell and Tissue Research - The brain
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Keywords {🔍}

glutamate, article, circadian, pacap, privacy, cookies, content, research, information, publish, search, light, access, chapter, data, log, journal, cell, tissue, neurotransmitters, retinohypothalamic, tract, january, hannibal, clock, scn, rhythms, rht, phase, shifts, discover, springer, function, optional, personal, parties, policy, find, track, review, published, cite, jens, explore, biological, suprachiasmatic, nucleus, transmitters, studies, cells,

Topics {✒️}

month download article/chapter similar phase-shifting capacity environmental light/dark cycle generates circadian rhythms circadian timing system privacy choices/manage cookies tissue research aims retino-hypothalamic tract retino-recipient zone full article pdf article hannibal european economic area suprachiasmatic nucleus monosynaptic retinofugal pathway electron-microscopic levels related subjects tract-tracing studies conditions privacy policy accepting optional cookies subjective night indicating main content log circadian photopigment human circadian journal finder publish biological rhythms nanomolar concentrations check access instant access article cell induced privacy policy personal data similar content books a retinohypothalamic tract optional cookies manage preferences article log glutamate agonists data protection biological clock essential cookies cookies skip subscription content vitro studies institution subscribe article cite journal publish pacap/glutamate information

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         headline:Neurotransmitters of the retino-hypothalamic tract
         description: The brain's biological clock, which, in mammals, is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), generates circadian rhythms in behaviour and physiology. These biological rhythms are adjusted daily (entrained) to the environmental light/dark cycle via a monosynaptic retinofugal pathway, the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). In this review, the anatomical and physiological evidence for glutamate and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) as principal transmitters of the RHT will be considered. A combination of immunohistochemistry at both the light- and electron-microscopic levels and tract-tracing studies have revealed that these two transmitters are co-stored in a subpopulation of retinal ganglion cells projecting to the retino-recipient zone of the ventral SCN. The PACAP/glutamate-containing cells, which constitute the RHT, also contain a recently identified photoreceptor protein, melanopsin, which may function as a "circadian photopigment". In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that glutamate and glutamate agonists such as N-methyl-D-aspartate mimic light-induced phase shifts and that application of glutamate antagonists blocks light-induced phase shifts at subjective night indicating that glutamate mediates light signalling to the clock. PACAP in nanomolar concentrations has similar phase-shifting capacity as light and glutamate, whereas PACAP in micromolar concentrations modulates glutamate-induced phase shifts. Possible targets for PACAP and glutamate are the recently identified clock genes Per1 and Per2, which are induced in the SCN by light, glutamate and PACAP at night.
         datePublished:2014-01-24T00:00:00Z
         dateModified:2014-01-24T00:00:00Z
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         pageEnd:88
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            PACAP Glutamate Substance P Melanopsin Suprachiasmatic nucleus Circadian rhythm Entrainment
            Human Genetics
            Proteomics
            Molecular Medicine
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      headline:Neurotransmitters of the retino-hypothalamic tract
      description: The brain's biological clock, which, in mammals, is located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), generates circadian rhythms in behaviour and physiology. These biological rhythms are adjusted daily (entrained) to the environmental light/dark cycle via a monosynaptic retinofugal pathway, the retinohypothalamic tract (RHT). In this review, the anatomical and physiological evidence for glutamate and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) as principal transmitters of the RHT will be considered. A combination of immunohistochemistry at both the light- and electron-microscopic levels and tract-tracing studies have revealed that these two transmitters are co-stored in a subpopulation of retinal ganglion cells projecting to the retino-recipient zone of the ventral SCN. The PACAP/glutamate-containing cells, which constitute the RHT, also contain a recently identified photoreceptor protein, melanopsin, which may function as a "circadian photopigment". In vivo and in vitro studies have shown that glutamate and glutamate agonists such as N-methyl-D-aspartate mimic light-induced phase shifts and that application of glutamate antagonists blocks light-induced phase shifts at subjective night indicating that glutamate mediates light signalling to the clock. PACAP in nanomolar concentrations has similar phase-shifting capacity as light and glutamate, whereas PACAP in micromolar concentrations modulates glutamate-induced phase shifts. Possible targets for PACAP and glutamate are the recently identified clock genes Per1 and Per2, which are induced in the SCN by light, glutamate and PACAP at night.
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      dateModified:2014-01-24T00:00:00Z
      pageStart:73
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         Human Genetics
         Proteomics
         Molecular Medicine
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