We are analyzing https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/bf02257675.

Title:
Total and paramagnetic metals in human substantia nigra and its neuromelanin | Journal of Neural Transmission: Parkinson's Disease a and Dementia Section
Description:
A number of hypotheses on the etiology of Parkinson
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Topics {✒️}

month download article/chapter van woert mh post-mortem substantia nigra full article pdf electron paramagnetic resonance electron spin resonance privacy choices/manage cookies x-ray microanalysis melanized dopaminergic neurons oxygen free radicals measures total metals european economic area endogenous toxin hypothesis ben-shachar dartmouth medical school intact substantia nigra substantia nigra based substantia nigra pigment substantia nigra resulting conditions privacy policy metal ions modified metal ions occurring related subjects promoting oxidative reactions high-dosage antioxidants total iron content paramagnetic metals ions human substantia nigra article journal paramagnetic valence states accepting optional cookies melanin-induced neurodegeneration article log journal finder publish human brain tissue article zecca pigmented brain tissue swartz hm cns disorders postulate iron-melanin interaction free radicals article cite human subjects zecca rights dementia section check access youdim mbh marsden cd neural transm 74 instant access

Questions {❓}

Youdim MBH, Ben-Shachar D, Riederer P (1989) Is Parkinson's disease a progressive siderosis of substantia nigra resulting in iron and melanin-induced neurodegeneration?

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         headline:Total and paramagnetic metals in human substantia nigra and its neuromelanin
         description:A number of hypotheses on the etiology of Parkinson's disease and other CNS disorders postulate a role of metal ions and/or neuromelanin. As part of an investigation of the interactions between neuromelanin and metal ions, we have studied the amount and type of metal ions in human neuromelanin in intact substantia nigra and in isolated neuromelanin using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), which selectively measures metal ions which are in valence states that have unpaired electrons and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), which measures total metals. EPR also is a principal technique for studying the biophysics of melanins by analysis of its free radicals. The studies of substantia nigra with TXRF indicated the presence of substantial amounts of iron, zinc, lead, copper, maganese, and titanium at concentrations up to 4 times greater than those of non-pigmented brain tissue (basis pedunculi). The concentrations of metal ions in isolated neuromelanin were 5–260 times higher than in substantia nigra. The studies with EPR indicated that there were substantial amounts of paramagnetic metals ions, especially iron, bound to neuromelanin in intact substantia nigra, and the presence of these metal ions modified the EPR spectra of the free radicals of neuromelanin. We conclude: 1. Compared to other regions of the mid-brain, the substantia nigra contains increased amounts of many different metal ions; 2. Many of these metal ions are in paramagnetic valence states; 3. There are high concentrations of paramagnetic metal ions bound to neuromelanin. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that postulate a role of metal ions in promoting oxidative reactions in pigmented neurons.
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            trace elements
            cytotoxicity
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            neuromelanin
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      description:A number of hypotheses on the etiology of Parkinson's disease and other CNS disorders postulate a role of metal ions and/or neuromelanin. As part of an investigation of the interactions between neuromelanin and metal ions, we have studied the amount and type of metal ions in human neuromelanin in intact substantia nigra and in isolated neuromelanin using electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), which selectively measures metal ions which are in valence states that have unpaired electrons and total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF), which measures total metals. EPR also is a principal technique for studying the biophysics of melanins by analysis of its free radicals. The studies of substantia nigra with TXRF indicated the presence of substantial amounts of iron, zinc, lead, copper, maganese, and titanium at concentrations up to 4 times greater than those of non-pigmented brain tissue (basis pedunculi). The concentrations of metal ions in isolated neuromelanin were 5–260 times higher than in substantia nigra. The studies with EPR indicated that there were substantial amounts of paramagnetic metals ions, especially iron, bound to neuromelanin in intact substantia nigra, and the presence of these metal ions modified the EPR spectra of the free radicals of neuromelanin. We conclude: 1. Compared to other regions of the mid-brain, the substantia nigra contains increased amounts of many different metal ions; 2. Many of these metal ions are in paramagnetic valence states; 3. There are high concentrations of paramagnetic metal ions bound to neuromelanin. These results are consistent with the hypotheses that postulate a role of metal ions in promoting oxidative reactions in pigmented neurons.
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