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We began analyzing https://www.nature.com/articles/4400952, but it redirected us to https://www.nature.com/articles/4400952. The analysis below is for the second page.

Title[redir]:
Programmed cell death in the unicellular protozoan parasite Leishmania | Cell Death & Differentiation
Description:
In the present study we have demonstrated some features characterizing programmed cell death (PCD) in the unicellular protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral Leishmaniasis. We report that PCD is initiated in stationary phase cultures of promastigotes and both in actively growing cultures of axenic amastigotes and promastigotes upon treatment with anti Leishmanial drugs (Pentostam and amphotericin B). However, the two cell types respond to antileishmanial drugs differently. The features of PCD in L. donovani promastigotes are nuclear condensation, nicked DNA in the nucleus, DNA ladder formation, increase in plasma membrane permeability, decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and induction of a PhiPhiLux (PPL)-cleavage activity. PCD in both stationary phase culture and upon induction by amphotericin B resulted first in the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential followed by simultaneous change in plasma membrane permeability and induction of PPL-cleavage activity. Of the total PPL-cleavage activity, several caspase inhibitors inhibited a significant amount (21–34%). Inhibitors of cathepsin or calpain did not inhibit PPL-cleavage activity. Taken together this study demonstrates that the characteristic features of PCD exist in unicellular protozoan Leishmania donovani. The implication of PCD on the Leishmania pathogenesis is discussed.

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Keywords {🔍}

cells, pcd, article, leishmania, promastigotes, activity, google, scholar, cell, cas, membrane, pplcleavage, tmre, mitochondrial, figure, potential, donovani, death, amphotericin, fluorescence, phase, apoptosis, induction, positive, ppl, observed, stationary, unicellular, inhibitors, treatment, dna, culture, organisms, population, treated, nature, amastigotes, growth, min, parasite, axenic, shown, results, programmed, caspase, vitro, parasites, usa, multicellular, pathway,

Topics {✒️}

nature portfolio pathogen-vector-host research permissions reprints author information authors exact nature nature fresh media designation mhom/il/80/friedlin] parasites carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone human pro-apoptotic bax c-terminal membrane anchor bioassay-based corchorus capsularis mhom/sd/62/1s-c12d mu-phe-hph-fmk bak-induced cell death cell-death-related proteins promising anti-protozoan peptide author correspondence mu-phe-hph-ch2f full size image leishmania mexicana-infected macrophages human diseases ranging z-phe-ala-ch2f inducible ppl-cleavage activity anti-oxidant pathway genes z-val-ala-asp transmission electron micrographs total ppl-cleavage activity induced ppl-cleavage activity nonmotile amastigote stage development ppl-cleavage activity positive programmed cell death cell death differ ppl-cleavage activity remains inhibit ppl-cleavage activity tetramethylrhodamine ethyl ester vivo ppl-cleavage activity dna size markers terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase chalmers-redman rm increased electron density similar content explore content 4 μg/ml propidium iodide designation mhom/sd/00/ increased cell density cell death occurring leishmania mexicana amazonensis mitochondrial transmembrane potential

Questions {❓}

1996 Apoptosis: mitochondria resurrected?
Does PCD sort out the metacyclic form from the procyclic form and thus ensure the selection of the infectious form?

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      headline:Programmed cell death in the unicellular protozoan parasite Leishmania
      description:In the present study we have demonstrated some features characterizing programmed cell death (PCD) in the unicellular protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, the causative agent of visceral Leishmaniasis. We report that PCD is initiated in stationary phase cultures of promastigotes and both in actively growing cultures of axenic amastigotes and promastigotes upon treatment with anti Leishmanial drugs (Pentostam and amphotericin B). However, the two cell types respond to antileishmanial drugs differently. The features of PCD in L. donovani promastigotes are nuclear condensation, nicked DNA in the nucleus, DNA ladder formation, increase in plasma membrane permeability, decrease in the mitochondrial membrane potential (ÎÎ¨m) and induction of a PhiPhiLux (PPL)-cleavage activity. PCD in both stationary phase culture and upon induction by amphotericin B resulted first in the decrease of mitochondrial membrane potential followed by simultaneous change in plasma membrane permeability and induction of PPL-cleavage activity. Of the total PPL-cleavage activity, several caspase inhibitors inhibited a significant amount (21â34%). Inhibitors of cathepsin or calpain did not inhibit PPL-cleavage activity. Taken together this study demonstrates that the characteristic features of PCD exist in unicellular protozoan Leishmania donovani. The implication of PCD on the Leishmania pathogenesis is discussed.
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