NCBI . NLM . NIH . GOV {}
Title:
Antimonial-Mediated DNA Fragmentation in Leishmania infantum Amastigotes - PMC
Description:
The basic treatment of leishmaniasis consists in the administration of pentavalent antimonials. The mechanisms that contribute to pentavalent antimonial toxicity against the intracellular stage of the parasite (i.e., amastigote) are still unknown. In ...
Website Age:
26 years and 11 months (reg. 1997-10-02).
Matching Content Categories {📚}
- Science
- Education
- Telecommunications
Content Management System {📝}
What CMS is ncbi.nlm.nih.gov built with?
Custom-built
No common CMS systems were detected on Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, and no known web development framework was identified.
Traffic Estimate {📈}
What is the average monthly size of ncbi.nlm.nih.gov audience?
🚀🌠 Tremendous Traffic: 10M - 20M visitors per month
Based on our best estimate, this website will receive around 12,442,957 visitors per month in the current month.
check SE Ranking
check Ahrefs
check Similarweb
check Ubersuggest
check Semrush
How Does Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Make Money? {💸}
We don’t know how the website earns money.
Not every website is profit-driven; some are created to spread information or serve as an online presence. Websites can be made for many reasons. This could be one of them. Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov might be cashing in, but we can't detect the method they're using.
Keywords {🔍}
pubmed, google, scholar, amastigotes, cell, dna, death, leishmania, apoptosis, fragmentation, fig, pmc, antimonials, axenic, cells, infantum, amastigote, parasites, agents, article, sbiii, species, shown, tunel, untreated, min, free, antimicrob, chemother, analysis, caspase, forms, pentavalent, yopro, antimonyl, trivalent, wildtype, lemesre, leishmaniasis, parasite, cytofluorometry, potassium, tartrate, activation, sodium, meglumine, activity, vitro, treated, sereno,
Topics {✒️}
trans-epoxy-epoxysuccinyl-l-leucylamido-3-methylbutane ethyl ester inhibitory peptide z-devd-cmk inhibitory peptide z-vad-fmk main content argon-ion laser tuned amastigote populations [wild-type oligonucleosome-sized fragment observed phenol-chloroform extraction method fifty-percent-inhibitory concentrations wild-type untreated parasites susceptible wild-type amastigotes axenically-grown amastigote forms wild-type parasites treated stepwise-increasing drug pressure wild-type amastigotes incubated side-light scatter properties geneticin-mediated cell death z-devd-cmk z-vad-fmk elongation factor 1-alpha �caspase-mediated cell death trivalent antimonial-mediated apoptosis antimonial-induced dna fragmentation biotin-labeled cells antimicrob agents chemother tris-borate-edta buffer 5 mm l-glutamine methanol-free formaldehyde 3 mm l-cysteine potassium antimonyl tartrate cell death mediated mediated cell death initiate cell death sodium arsenite-induced apoptosis reactive oxygen species resistant amastigote forms side-light scatter unicellular organism leishmania axenically grown amastigotes axenically-grown amastigotes vivo metabolic conversion induce cell death arsenite-mediated apoptosis quantify amastigote stage cell lines resistant resistant cell lines oligonucleosomal dna fragmentation trop med hyg reduce pentavalent antimonial programmed cell death
Questions {❓}
- The central executioners of apoptosis: caspases or mitochondria?
Social Networks {👍}(8)
- https://twitter.com/intent/tweet?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC90601%2F&text=Antimonial-Mediated%20DNA%20Fragmentation%20in%20Leishmania%20infantum%20Amastigotes
- https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC90601%2F
- https://twitter.com/ncbi
- https://www.facebook.com/ncbi.nlm
- https://www.linkedin.com/company/ncbinlm
- https://twitter.com/NLM_NIH
- https://www.facebook.com/nationallibraryofmedicine
- https://www.youtube.com/user/NLMNIH
External Links {🔗}(59)
- https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAAC.45.7.2064-2069.2001
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Cell+Death+Differ&title=Apoptosis+in+a+unicellular+eukaryote+(Trypanosoma+cruzi):+implication+for+the+evolutionary+origin+and+role+of+programmed+cell+death+in+the+control+of+cell+proliferation,+differentiation+and+survival&author=J+C+Ameisen&author=T+Idziorek&author=O+Billaut-Mullot&author=J+P+Tissier&author=A+Potentier&volume=2&publication_year=1995&pages=285-300&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Science&title=The+origin+of+programmed+cell+death&author=J+C+Ameisen&volume=272&publication_year=1996&pages=1278-1279&pmid=8650538&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Rev+Infect+Dis&title=Chemotherapy+for+leishmaniasis:+biochemical+mechanisms,+clinical+efficacy+and+future+strategies&author=J+D+Berman&volume=10&publication_year=1988&pages=560-586&pmid=3293160&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Antimicrob+Agents+Chemother&title=Biochemical+mechanisms+of+the+antileishmanial+activity+of+sodium+stibogluconate&author=J+D+Berman&author=D+Waddell&author=B+D+Hanson&volume=27&publication_year=1985&pages=916-920&pmid=2411217&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Biochem+Pharmacol&title=Sodium+stibogluconate+(pentostam)+inhibition+of+glucose+catabolism+via+the+glycolytic+pathway,+and+fatty+acid+beta+oxidation+in+Leishmania+mexicana+amastigotes&author=J+D+Berman&author=J+V+Gallalee&author=J+M+Best&volume=36&publication_year=1987&pages=197-201&pmid=3028425&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Gene&title=Trypanosoma+cruzi+elongation+factor+1-alpha:+nuclear+localization+in+parasites+undergoing+apoptosis&author=O+Billaut-Mulot&author=R+Fernandez-Gomez&author=M+Loyens&author=A+Ouaissi&volume=174&publication_year=1996&pages=19-26&pmid=8863724&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Antimicrob+Agents+Chemother&title=An+axenic+amastigote+system+for+drug+screening&author=H+L+Callahan&author=A+C+Portal&author=R+Devereaux&author=M+Grögl&volume=41&publication_year=1997&pages=818-822&pmid=9087496&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J+Cell+Physiol&title=Involvement+of+reactive+oxygen+species+and+caspase+3+activation+in+arsenite-induced+apoptosis&author=Y+C+Chen&author=S+Y+Lin-Shiau&author=J+K+Lin&volume=177&publication_year=1998&pages=323-333&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Immunol+Today&title=Apoptosis&author=J+J+Cohen&volume=14&publication_year=1993&pages=126-130&pmid=8466628&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Mol+Biochem+Parasitol&title=A+comparative+study+of+Leishmania+mexicana+amastigotes+and+promastigotes.+Enzyme+activities+and+subcellular+locations&author=G+H+Coombs&author=J+A+Craft&author=D+T+Hart&volume=5&publication_year=1982&pages=199-211&pmid=6211617&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Antimicrob+Agents+Chemother&title=Stage-specific+activity+of+pentavalent+antimony+against+Leishmania+donovani+axenic+amastigotes&author=M+Ephros&author=A+Bitnun&author=P+Shaked&author=E+Waldman&author=D+Zilberstein&volume=43&publication_year=1999&pages=278-282&pmid=9925518&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Antimicrob+Agents+Chemother&title=Pentostam+induces+resistance+to+antimony+and+the+preservative+chlorocresol+in+Leishmania+donovani+promastigotes+and+axenically+grown+amastigotes&author=M+Ephros&author=E+Waldman&author=D+Zilberstein&volume=41&publication_year=1997&pages=1064-1068&pmid=9145870&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Antimicrob+Agents+Chemother&title=In+vitro+and+in+vivo+resistance+of+Leishmania+infantum+to+meglumine+antimoniate:+a+study+of+37+strains+collected+from+patients+with+visceral+leishmaniasis&author=F+Faraut-Gambarelli&author=R+Piarroux&author=M+Deniau&author=B+Giusano&author=P+Marty&volume=41&publication_year=1997&pages=827-830&pmid=9087498&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Acta+Trop&title=An+in+vitro+model+for+screening+antileishmanial+drugs:+the+human+leukemia+monocyte+cell+line,+THP-1&author=A+Gebre-Hiwot&author=G+Tadesse&author=S+L+Croft&author=D+Frommel&volume=51&publication_year=1992&pages=237-245&pmid=1359751&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Biochem+J&title=A+study+of+the+excretion+of+organic+antimonials+using+a+polarographic+procedure&author=L+G+Goodwin&author=J+E+Page&volume=22&publication_year=1943&pages=236-240&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Trans+R+Soc+Trop+Med+Hyg&title=Pentostam+(sodium+stibogluconate);+a+50-year+personal+reminiscence&author=L+C+Goodwin&volume=89&publication_year=1995&pages=339-341&pmid=7660456&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Trends+Cell+Biol&title=The+central+executioners+of+apoptosis:+caspases+or+mitochondria?&author=D+Green&author=G+Kroemer&volume=8&publication_year=1998&pages=267-271&pmid=9714597&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Am+J+Trop+Med+Hyg&title=Drug+resistance+in+leishmaniasis:+its+implication+in+systemic+chemotherapy+of+cutaneous+and+mucocutaneous+disease&author=M+Grögl&author=T+N+Thomason&author=E+Franke&volume=47&publication_year=1992&pages=117-126&pmid=1322070&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J+Immunol+Methods&title=YOPRO-1+permits+cytofluorometric+analysis+of+programmed+cell+death+(apoptosis)+without+interfering+with+cell+viability&author=T+Idzioreck&author=J+Estaquier&author=F+De+Bels&author=J+C+Ameisen&volume=185&publication_year=1995&pages=249-258&pmid=7561136&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Exp+Cell+Res&title=Arsenite+induces+apoptosis+via+direct+effect+on+the+mitochondrial+permeability+transition+pore&author=N+Larochette&author=D+Decaudin&author=E+Jacobot&author=C+Brenner&author=I+Marzo&volume=249&publication_year=1999&pages=413-421&pmid=10366441&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Exp+Parasitol&title=Leishmania+spp:+nitric+oxide-mediated+metabolic+inhibition+of+promastigote+and+axenically-grown+amastigote+forms&author=J+L+Lemesre&author=D+Sereno&author=S+Daulouède&author=B+Veyret&author=N+Brajon&volume=86&publication_year=1997&pages=58-68&pmid=9149241&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J+Infect+Dis&title=Evidence+that+the+high+incidence+of+treatment+failures+in+Indian+kala-azar+is+due+to+the+emergence+of+antimony-resistant+strains+of+Leishmania+donovani&author=R+Lira&author=S+Sundar&author=A+Makharia&author=R+Kenney&author=A+Gam&volume=180&publication_year=1999&pages=564-567&pmid=10395884&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Eur+J+Haematol&title=Selective+induction+of+apoptosis+of+NB4+cells+from+G2+M+phase+by+sodium+arsenite+at+lower+doses&author=D+C+Ma&author=Y+H+Sun&author=K+Z+Chang&author=X+F+Ma&author=S+L+Huang&volume=61&publication_year=1998&pages=27-35&pmid=9688289&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J+Cell+Physiol&title=Heat+shock+induction+of+apoptosis+in+promastigotes+of+the+unicellular+organism+Leishmania+(Leishmania)+amazonensis&author=M+E+Moreira&author=H+A+Del+Portillo&author=R+V+Milder&author=J+M+Balanco&author=M+A+Barcinski&volume=167&publication_year=1996&pages=305-313&pmid=8613472&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Exp+Parasitol&title=Leishmania+mexicana:+enzyme+activities+of+amastigotes+and+promastigotes+and+their+inhibition+by+antimonials+and+arsenicals&author=J+C+Mottram&author=G+H+Coombs&volume=59&publication_year=1985&pages=151-160&pmid=2982638&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Blood&title=Trivalent+antimonials+induce+degradation+of+the+PML-RARα+oncoprotein+and+reorganization+of+the+promyelocytic+leukemia+nuclear+bodies+in+acute+leukemia+NB4+cells&author=S+Müller&author=W+H+Miller&author=A+Dejean&volume=92&publication_year=1998&pages=4308-4316&pmid=9834237&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Parasitol+Today&title=Mechanisms+of+drug+resistance+in+Leishmania&author=M+Ouellette&author=B+Papadopoulou&volume=9&publication_year=1993&pages=150-153&pmid=15463741&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Q+J+Med&title=Visceral+leishmaniasis+in+HIV+infection+and+AIDS:+clinical+features+and+response+to+therapy&author=B+S+Peters&author=D+Fish&author=R+Golden&author=D+A+Evans&author=A+D+M+Bryceson&volume=77&publication_year=1990&pages=1101-1111&pmid=2274656&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Biochem+J&title=Reactive+oxygen+species+activate+a+Ca2+-dependent+cell+death+pathway+in+the+unicellular+organism+Trypanosoma+brucei+brucei&author=E+L+Ridgley&author=Z+H+Xiong&author=L+Ruben&volume=340&publication_year=1999&pages=33-40&pmid=10229656&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Antimicrob+Agents+Chemother&title=In+vitro+antileishmanial+properties+of+tri-+and+pentavalent+antimonial+preparations&author=W+L+Roberts&author=J+D+Berman&author=P+M+Rainey&volume=39&publication_year=1995&pages=1234-1239&pmid=7574507&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Cell+Death+Differ&title=Apoptosis:+cell+death+defined+by+caspase+activation&author=A+Samali&author=B+Zhivotovsky&author=D+Jones&author=S+Nagata&author=S+Orrenius&volume=6&publication_year=1999&pages=495-496&pmid=10381647&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Antimicrob+Agents+Chemother&title=In+vitro+life+cycle+of+pentamidine-resistant+amastigotes:+stability+of+the+chemoresistant+phenotypes+is+dependent+on+the+level+of+resistance+induced&author=D+Sereno&author=J+L+Lemesre&volume=41&publication_year=1997&pages=1898-1903&pmid=9303381&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Antimicrob+Agents+Chemother&title=Axenically+cultured+amastigote+forms+as+an+in+vitro+model+for+investigation+of+antileishmanial+agents&author=D+Sereno&author=J+L+Lemesre&volume=41&publication_year=1997&pages=972-976&pmid=9145854&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Parasitol+Res&title=Use+of+an+enzymatic+in+vitro+micromethod+to+quantify+amastigote+stage+of+axenically+grown+amastigote+forms+of+Leishmania+amazonensis&author=D+Sereno&author=J+L+Lemesre&volume=83&publication_year=1997&pages=401-403&pmid=9134568&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=C+R+Acad+Sci&title=Phenotypic+characterization+of+Leishmania+mexicana+pentamidine-resistant+promastigotes:+modulation+of+the+resistance+during+developmental+life+cycle&author=D+Sereno&author=P+Michon&author=N+Brajon&author=J+L+Lemesre&volume=320&publication_year=1997&pages=981-987&pmid=9587476&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Antimicrob+Agents+Chemother&title=Axenically-grown+amastigotes+of+Leishmania+infantum+used+as+an+in+vitro+model+to+investigate+the+pentavalent+antimony+mode+of+action&author=D+Sereno&author=M+Cavaleyra&author=K+Zemzoumi&author=S+Maquaire&author=A+Ouaissi&volume=42&publication_year=1998&pages=3097-3102&pmid=9835497&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Antimicrob+Agents+Chemother&title=DNA+transformation+of+Leishmania+infantum+axenic+amastigote+and+their+use+in+drug+screening&author=D+Sereno&author=G+Roy&author=J+L+Lemesre&author=B+Papadopoulou&author=M+Ouellette&volume=45&publication_year=2001&pages=1168-1173&pmid=11257031&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J+Bioenerg+Biomembr&title=Multidrug+resistance+and+P-glycoproteins+in+parasitic+protozoa&author=B+Ullman&volume=27&publication_year=1995&pages=77-84&pmid=7629055&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Exp+Parasitol&title=Leishmania+donovani:+isolation+and+characterization+of+sodium+stibogluconate+(Pentostam)-resistant+cell+lines&author=B+Ullman&author=E+Carrero-Valenzuella&author=T+Coons&volume=69&publication_year=1989&pages=157-163&pmid=2546793&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&title=The+molecular+biology+of+apoptosis&author=D+L+Vaux&author=A+Strasser&volume=93&publication_year=1996&pages=2239-2244&pmid=8637856&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Cell+Death+Differ&title=Caspases+and+apoptosis–biology+and+terminology&author=D+L+Vaux&volume=6&publication_year=1999&pages=493-494&pmid=10381650&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J+Cell+Physiol&title=Arsenite+induces+apoptosis+in+chinese+hamster+ovary+cells+by+generation+of+reactive+oxygen+species&author=T+S+Wang&author=C+F+Kuo&author=K+Y+Jan&author=H+Huang&volume=169&publication_year=1996&pages=256-268&pmid=8908193&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=J+Leukoc+Biol&title=Mechanisms+involved+in+sodium+arsenite-induced+apoptosis+of+human+neutrophils&author=R+W+Watson&author=H+P+Redmond&author=J+H+Wang&author=D+Bouchler-Hayes&volume=60&publication_year=1996&pages=625-632&pmid=8929554&
- https://scholar.google.com/scholar_lookup?journal=Parasitol+Today&title=Programmed+cell+death+in+trypanosomatids&author=S+C+Welburn&author=M+A+Barcinski&author=G+T+Williams&volume=13&publication_year=1997&pages=22-26&pmid=15275162&
- https://github.com/ncbi
- https://www.nlm.nih.gov/socialmedia/index.html
- https://www.google.com/maps/place/8600+Rockville+Pike,+Bethesda,+MD+20894/@38.9959508,-77.101021,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x89b7c95e25765ddb:0x19156f88b27635b8!8m2!3d38.9959508!4d-77.0988323
- https://www.nlm.nih.gov/web_policies.html
- https://www.nih.gov/institutes-nih/nih-office-director/office-communications-public-liaison/freedom-information-act-office
- https://www.hhs.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy/index.html
- https://support.nlm.nih.gov/?pagename=pmc-frontend%3Apmc%3Aarticle%3A%2Farticles%2FPMC90601%2F
- https://www.nlm.nih.gov/accessibility.html
- https://www.nlm.nih.gov/careers/careers.html
- https://www.nlm.nih.gov/
- https://www.nih.gov/
- https://www.hhs.gov/
- https://www.usa.gov/
- https://www.nlm.nih.gov/privacy.html
Analytics and Tracking {📊}
- Google Analytics
- Google Analytics 4
- Google Tag Manager
- Google Universal Analytics
Javascript Libraries {📚}
- FontAwesome
- jQuery
Emails and Hosting {✉️}
Mail Servers:
- nihcesxway.hub.nih.gov
- nihcesxway2.hub.nih.gov
- nihcesxway3.hub.nih.gov
- nihcesxway4.hub.nih.gov
- nihcesxway5.hub.nih.gov
Name Servers:
- dns1-ncbi.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- dns2-ncbi.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- lhcns1.nlm.nih.gov
- lhcns2.nlm.nih.gov
- ns.nih.gov
- ns2.nih.gov
- ns3.nih.gov
CDN Services {📦}
- https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com